Emperor Guangxu

Aixinjueluo zaitan

Zaitan (August 14, 1871 - November 14, 1908) was the eleventh emperor of Qing Dynasty and the ninth emperor after Beijing was established as the capital. His father was Prince Yi Chen, and his mother, yehenara Wanzhen, was the sister of Empress Dowager Cixi. In the 34th year of his reign, he was named Guangxu.

In December 1875, the empress dowagers of the two palaces established him as emperor. At first, the empress dowagers of the two palaces, Ci'an and Cixi, listened to the government behind the curtain. In 1881, the Empress Dowager Ci'an died, and she was alone. In 1889, zaidian was in charge of the government. After that, although the government was nominally vested in Emperor Guangxu, the power was still in the hands of Empress Dowager Cixi. In the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, Emperor Guangxu tried his best to fight against compromise, but the Qing Dynasty was defeated because of the corruption of the imperial court. In 1898, Emperor Guangxu carried out the "reform movement of 1898", but it was opposed by the Conservatives headed by Empress Dowager Cixi. Emperor Guangxu intended to rely on Yuan Shikai to contain the power led by Empress Dowager Cixi. However, he was betrayed by Yuan Shikai and was imprisoned by Empress Dowager Cixi in Yingtai, Zhongnanhai. The whole reform lasted only 103 days, so it was called "100 day reform". After the coup, the great power fell into the hands of Empress Dowager Cixi again, claiming that Emperor Guangxu was ill and could not serve as a director. In fact, he was imprisoned in Xiyuan Yingtai and became a prisoner without shackles.

Guangxu 34 years (1908) on October 21, Emperor Guangxu collapse, at the age of 38, temple

Dezong

His posthumous title is Tongtian chongyun Dazhong ZHENGJING Wenwei Wuren Xiaozhi Duanjian kuanqin

King Jing

. He was buried in Chongling, the Western Mausoleum of the Qing Dynasty.

Life of the characters

Hidden years

Zaitan was born on June 28, 1871, in the palace of Prince Chun on the Bank of Taiping Lake, Xuanwumen, Beijing. He was the grandson of Emperor Daoguang of Xuanzong in Qing Dynasty, and his father was Yichen, the seventh son of Emperor Daoguang. Her mother was yehenara Wanzhen, the younger sister of Empress Dowager Cixi. Shortly after her marriage to Prince Chun, Wan Zhen gave birth to Yi Chen's eldest son, Aixinjueluo Zaihan. Mother with son expensive, Wan Zhen soon in the alcohol Pro Prince house won a high position, Yi Chen also love this di Fu Jin. But Zaihan died prematurely when he was two years old. In 1871, she gave birth to Yi Chen's second son Zai Tian.

In 1874, Tsai Tian died at the age of four, leaving no children. And Emperor Tongzhi was the only son of emperor Xianfeng. After his death, the Xianfeng family died. Only two hours after the death of emperor Tongzhi, the emergency meeting concerning the national movement of the Qing Dynasty was held on time in the West warm Pavilion of Yangxin hall. The meeting was attended by Prince Yichen, the fifth uncle of Tongzhi emperor, Prince Yixin, the sixth uncle of Gong, Prince Yichen, the seventh uncle of alcohol, Prince Yichen of jiushufu Prefecture, and other ministers, such as Yizhen and Jingshou. First of all, someone asked to establish an heir for Tongzhi emperor, and mentioned Pu Kan and Pu Lun. Prince Linton, Yi Chen, objected. He said four words: "it's impossible to be spared.". Cixi lost no time to express her approval and said, "there is no one who should be the leader of the Pu generation." At this time, the Minister of military aircraft had a dispute with Empress Dowager Cixi. Empress Dowager Cixi said, "how about the curtain after that?" Some of the military aircraft ministers said, "the clan is the most important. Please choose the right people and then beg for the curtain." After that, the Minister of military aircraft fought for opportunities for Zaishu, the son of Yixin. However, Cixi, in order to be able to control the government in a proper way, appointed the second son of Yishu, the prince of alcohol, who was also his sister's own son, to be emperor Xianfeng. As soon as Cixi's voice came down, Prince Yi Chen of Chun gave a wail, collapsed to the ground and cried. The relatives and nobles reached out to help each other, but no one could pull them. Zai Tian, who was only four years old, was chosen to succeed to the throne. In the second year, his name was changed to Guangxu.

In the middle of the night, all the main gates of the Forbidden City were opened, and Yichen, the king of Fujun, led the officials of the house of internal affairs to the palace of King Chun on the East Bank of Taiping Lake in Xuanwumen to welcome zaidian, the new monarch, into the palace. On the sixth day of the lunar new year, the day after Empress Dowager Cixi announced that zaidian's heir would take the throne, zaidian took a sedan chair from Prince Chun's residence to the palace, entered the Meridian Gate and went to Yangxin hall. After paying respects to the empress dowagers of the two palaces and holding a memorial ceremony in front of the spirit of emperor Tongzhi of Daxing, he "cut his hair into clothes" and became emperor after the great unification. On the seventh day of the lunar new year, zaidian lived in Zhongcui palace, the Sixth East Palace, commonly known as the "East empress dowager"; fengcixi lived in Changchun palace, the sixth West Palace, commonly known as the "West empress dowager". Zai Tian lives in Yangxin hall. Empress Dowager Ci'an and Empress Dowager Cixi listen to government from behind the curtain. The emperor's instruction is called "edict", and the Empress Dowager's instruction is called "Yizhi". Prince Chun's palace was originally located in Taiping Lake in the western city. After Zai Tian ascended the throne, the palace became the emperor's hidden residence (later called Nanfu). Therefore, the Qing government granted Prince Chun's palace, which is located in the north of Houhai (also known as the North mansion).

The period of Shaodi

< sub > master data: < / sub > < sub > the war of the Qing Dynasty to recover Xinjiang < / sub > < sub >, < / sub > < sub > the war between China and France < / sub >

On the 20th of the first month of the first year of Guangxu (1875), the empress dowagers of the two palaces ordered zaidian to ascend to the throne in the hall of Taihe, and to offer sacrifices to heaven, earth, temple and society. After Zai Tian succeeded to the throne, he went to Qianqing palace to salute emperor Yurong (portrait), Zhongcui palace to salute empress dowager Ci'an, Changchun palace to salute Empress Dowager Cixi, and Chu Xiu palace to salute empress Xiaozhe Yi (empress Tongzhi). At this time, Zai Tian was only five years old, and his actual age was only three and a half years old. In February, Emperor Jiashun of Tongzhi died. When the Macari case happened, British forces began to invade Tibet. Britain forced the Qing government to sign the "Yantai treaty" through the case of Macquarie. Zaitan became emperor after his successor and formed a "mother son" relationship with Empress Dowager Cixi. Originally, Zai Tian, as the nephew of emperor Xianfeng and the nephew of Empress Dowager Cixi, was close to Empress Dowager Cixi. In addition to the intention to claim power, Empress Dowager Cixi chose Zai Tian as emperor, considering that the son of her younger sister was the most appropriate choice to take over the throne. After the little emperor entered the palace and left his parents, Empress Dowager Cixi naturally wanted to care for the young child. According to her own words to her ministers, zaidian "often lies on my couch, when it's cold and warm, adding or subtracting clothes Jin", "I write on paper, teach the Emperor how to read and dictate the four books of poetry, but I'm sorry for it.".

On April 21, 1876, Zai Tian began to study in Yuqing palace. Yuqing palace is located between Zhai palace and Fengxian palace. The master is the minister, the cabinet bachelor Weng Tonghe and the minister Xia Tongshan. Weng Tonghe and Xia Tongshan were the same candidates. Weng Tonghe mainly taught zaidian how to read, while Xia Tongshan mainly taught zaidian how to write. The former royal minister taught Manchu, Mongolian, riding and shooting. Zai Tian studies very hard. Empress Dowager Cixi praises him: "he is very fond of learning. Sitting, standing and lying all recite poems and books." He associated reading with being king. Zai Tian had his father Yi Chen to take care of his studies in Yuqing palace, but the courtesy of the monarch and his ministers replaced the affection of his father and son. Zai Tian studied in Yuqing palace for more than ten years.

In the first month of the third year of Guangxu (1877), zuodu Yushi Jinglian was promoted to minister of military aircraft. Before his death, zangji longhutuktu was in charge of local affairs before the Dalai Lama was born, and was given the name of "Dashan". In April, Liu Jintang conquered Daban and Toksun, Zhang Yao and Xu zhanbiao conquered qiketengmu and bizhan, and at last the Qing army joined forces to recover the Manchu and Han cities of Turpan, and paxaagubo, the aggressor of anjiyan (Haohan Khanate), was killed. At the end of the year, southern Xinjiang was recovered, and the Qing army won the battle to recover Xinjiang. Only the bandits burkholi and Bai Yanhu fled to Russia. In 1878, Zuo Zongtang was awarded the second rank for his argumentative work and Liu Jintang was awarded the second rank male. In June, Li Hongzhang opened the Kaiping Mining Bureau in luanzhou.

In April 1879, Japan occupied the Ryukyu Islands, renamed Okinawa, and sentenced Shangtai, the last Ryukyu king, to exile to Tokyo. In the same year, Chonghou signed the "Treaty of rivajia" with Russian representatives and returned to China without authorization. The Qing government ruled out the crime of Chonghou and discussed the issue of its existence and abolition.

In the first month of the sixth year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu (1880), Zeng Jize was appointed minister to Russia to discuss the treaty. In March, Zuo Zongtang stationed in Hami, preparing to march to recover Yili. In July, an imperial edict was issued to recall Zuo Zongtang.

In March 1881, Empress Dowager Ci'an died in Zhongcui palace. She was named empress Xiaozhen. In 1882, when zaidian was 11 years old, he added teaching content and explained the compilation of the imperial classics compiled by he Changling and Wei Yuan.

In May 1883, the French attacked the paper bridge in Hanoi, Vietnam, provoking the Sino French war. Zaidian ordered Li Hongzhang to return to Beiyang to deploy coastal defense. In June, Liu Yongfu, the general of the black flag army in Vietnam, fought with the French army in Hanoi and Zhiqiao and won a great victory in Zhiqiao, defeating the French invasion. In March of the 10th year of Guangxu (1884), Empress Dowager Cixi, with Prince Gong Yixin, delayed the strike of the military plane minister, and lived in the home to keep sick. It is called "Jiashen Yishu" in history. In August, French warships bombarded Fujian Mawei shipyard, provoking a naval battle in Mawei. In September, Xinjiang was transformed into a provincial bank.

In February 1885, the Sino French war ended. In May, yizhi explored and repaired the South and North sea projects. In September, the Taiwan government was changed into a provincial government, and Liu Mingchuan became the first governor of Taiwan. He set up the premier's naval affairs yamen, ordered Prince Yi Chen to serve as premier, and controlled the deployment of coastal Navy.

It is said that when he was 16 years old, he thought that he had the ability to make an analysis of ancient Chinese literature.

The twists and turns of paternity

< sub > master data: < / sub > < sub > empress dowager Longyu<

Chinese PinYin : Guang Xu Di