Tang Yao

Yao

Yao (about 2447-2307 B.C., about 2377-2259 B.C.), surnamed Yiqi and named Fangxun, was the leader of tribal alliance in ancient China, one of the five emperors, and the son of Diku and Qingdu.

At the age of 13, Yao was granted the title of Tao to assist emperor Zhi. At the age of 15, Yao was renamed in the state of Tang (now Linfen City, Shanxi Province). At the age of 20, Emperor Zhi of Yao Dynasty was the son of heaven. In the turbulent times when all nations fought for supremacy, he united his relatives and friends, conquered the four barbarians, unified all ethnic groups in China, and was elected as the leader of the tribal alliance of nations. During the reign of Emperor Yao, he sent the archer Hou Yi to shoot at the sun, and sent him to control the water. He also formulated the calendar, promoted farming, and straightened all officials.

In his later years, Yao created the throne, and Shun succeeded the emperor.

Twenty eight years later, Yao died of illness in Leize (now Heze, Shandong Province) and was buried in Gulin (juancheng, Shandong Province). His posthumous title was Yao, and he was regarded as "the most ideal monarch" by Sima Qian.

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Life of the characters

Emperor Yao was born

The third wife of the ancient emperor DIHE was Qingdu, the daughter of Yiqi marquis. Her son's name is Fang Xun, or Emperor Yao, also known as Tao Tang.

Granted in Tang Dynasty

At the age of 13, Yao was granted the title of Tao to assist emperor Zhi. At the age of 15, Yao was renamed in the state of Tang (now Linfen City, Shanxi Province).

Succeeding the Emperor

At the age of 20, Emperor Zhi of Yao Dynasty was the son of heaven. Pingyang (now Linfen, Shanxi). He ordered Xizhong, Xishu, Hezhong and Heshu to live in the East, South, West and north to observe the celestial phenomena and draw up the calendar. When he taught the people, they were called "four mountains". When the flood fields and mausoleums are overflowing, the people will suffer from the flood. Yao wanted to control the flood, but he failed to do so in nine years.

Give way to Yushun

In his later years, Yao created the throne, and Shun succeeded the emperor.

Buried in the valley

Yao died 28 years after abdication and was buried in Gulin (juancheng County, Shandong Province).

Political measures

Perfect politics

At the beginning of Yao's reign, there was no basic state system. The state was just a tribal Union, which was very loose and was not conducive to the unified management of the state. Therefore, after Yao accumulated some administrative experience, he began to establish a national political system. One of the most important things was to appoint officials according to various government affairs. For the first time in Chinese history, he established a more systematic political system, which became a slavery state The emergence of the family laid the foundation.

Flood control

Yao's time is also the legendary flood period. "The flood in the Tang Dynasty is just cutting away, and the Huaishan and Xiangling mountains are vast and mighty." the water is huge, surging and roaring, submerging the hills and rushing to the high hills, endangering the world and making the people uneasy. Yao was very concerned about this. He consulted Siyue (the head of the four Princes) and asked who could control the flood. Siyue recommended him. Yao felt that he was unreliable. He often disobeyed orders and harmed the interests of his family. He was not suitable to undertake this important task. But Siyue insisted that he try, so Yao appointed him to control the flood. After nine years of water control, he made no achievements.

Making the calendar

In the early days of Tang Yao's administration, the astronomical calendar was not perfect, and the common people often delayed the farming hours because they did not know the changes of the four seasons. In order to master the law of climate change, he sent uncle Xi to live in Mingdu to observe the movement of the sun from north to south, taking the day with the longest day as the summer solstice, and corrected with reference to the position of Mars; Pai and Zhong lived in Mugu in the west to observe the situation of sunset, taking the day of equinox as the autumnal equinox, and corrected with reference to the position of the imaginary star; Pai and uncle lived In the place called Youdu in the north, observe the movement of the sun from south to north, take the shortest day as the winter solstice, and refer to the position of the Pleiades to correct. After two minutes and two solstices were determined, Yao decided to set 366 days as a year, and set a leap month every three years. He used the leap month to adjust the relationship between the calendar and the four seasons, so as to make the farming hours correct. It can be seen that the ancients regarded the era of Emperor Yao as an era of great progress in agricultural culture.

Historical evaluation

"Shangshu" said: "if ancient. Emperor Yao said, "let go of the honor.". Qin Ming Wen Si an. Allow Gong Ke rang, light is four table, grid in the top and bottom. Ke mingjunde is close to nine ethnic groups. The nine nationalities are good friends, and the common people are peaceful. "The people are clear, they are harmonious with all nations, and the people are Yong when they change."

Taibo in the Analects of Confucius: "great! Yao is the king. It's majestic. Only heaven is great. Only Yao is great. "

Han Feizi's "Han Feizi · five beetles" says: "the king of Yao is the king of the world, and Mao CI does not cut the rafters, but he does not pick the rafters; the food of Yao is the soup of chenhuo; the fur of Qiu in winter is the clothing of Ge in summer; although the clothing of the prison is not deficient in this."

Lu Buwei's "Lu's spring and Autumn Annals · Zhao Lei Pian" said: "Yao fought in danshuizhipu to subdue Nanman."

Liu De: "we should aim at the world, and we should aim at the poor people. It is also painful for the common people to suffer from their crimes, and worrying for the failure of all living beings. When a people is hungry, they say that I am hungry; when a people is cold, they say that I am cold; when a people is guilty, they say that I am trapped. "

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: "emperor fan for thousands of years, civilian teachers for thousands of generations, early civilization, people respect and rely on."

Liu An's Huainanzi Ben Jing Xun: "when Yao was in power, he came out at the same time on ten days, burnt the grass and killed the trees, but the people had nothing to eat. He, chisel teeth, nine babies, gale, seal and snake repair are all people's harms. "

Sima Qian's records of the Five Emperors: "his benevolence is like heaven, his knowledge is like God. It's like the sun, it's like the clouds. Rich but not proud, expensive but not comfortable. Huang Shouchun clothes, Tong car by white horse. To be able to understand and tame, to be close to nine nationalities. Since the nine nationalities are good friends, they will rule the common people. The common people have made it clear that they are in harmony with all nations. "

Liu Xie's Wenxindiaolong · time sequence: "in the Tang Dynasty, when virtue flourished, the old men talked about" He Li "and the suburban children sang songs of" ignorance ". Yu continued to write the song, and the government helped the people in their spare time. He chanted the song of "rotten clouds" to the ministers after the Yuan Dynasty. What is the best? But the heart is happy and the voice is peaceful. When Dayu applied the soil, nine prefaces chanted Gong, and Cheng Shengjing praised Yi'er. Zhou Nan is diligent but not resentful for Ji Wen's virtue, while Wang Huachun is happy but not lewd for Feng. You Li faint and "board", "swing" anger, Pingwang Wei and "Shuli" sad. Therefore, we know that ballads, arts and sciences are moving with the times, and the wind is moving above, while the waves are shaking below. "

Du Fu: "to the Emperor Yao and Shun, and then to the customs of Chun."

Fan Zhongyan: "it's like the sun forever. It's majestic and good. Yu eventually calmed the water, and Shun also caused the wind. Outside the river and sea, heaven and earth bow to each other. Villagers do not know this, Xiao drum Xie Nianfeng. “

Luo Mi's the history of the road: ① "diligence does not live, frugality and courtesy." ② "In the Ming Dynasty, he was an expert in literary thinking, cautious, filial piety, kindness, benevolence and respect, which made people know the way of their children. Benevolence is applied to the common people, and virtue is applied to the four seas. "

Mao Zedong said: "the spring breeze is thousands of willows, and the 600 million divine land is as good as Shun and Yao."

Anecdotes and allusions

Birth legend

It is said that the third wife of the ancient emperor DIHE was named Qingdu. She was the daughter of Yiqi marquis. After Qingdu got married, she still stayed at her mother's home. At the end of the first month of spring, Qingdu and her parents took a boat to visit Sanhe. At noon, a flying red dragon appeared. The next day, a smaller red dragon appeared again. At night, Qingdu couldn't sleep and closed his eyes, so he could not help chuckling. In the hazy, the wind blows all around, and the red dragon pours on her. When she wakes up, she still leaves a smelly saliva foam on her body. Beside her, there is a picture full of saliva foam. On it is painted a red figure, with a plump face, eight eyebrows and long hair. On the picture, it says: Blessed also. After that, she was pregnant. Fourteen months later, as like as two peas in the picture, she gave birth to a son. The mother of his filial son DIHE died at this time. DIHE cried for his mother's death and became a tearful child. After that, he served his mother filial piety for three years without caring about Qingdu and his son. Qingdu took his son to live in his mother's home. He raised his son until he was ten years old, and then let him return to his father. This child was the later Emperor Yao. Therefore, when Emperor Yao was young, his grandfather's family name was Yi Qi (QI), and later Tao Tang.

Be diligent and thrifty

After Yao was in power, he still lived in thatched cottages, drank wild vegetable soup and wore coarse cloth woven with kudzu vine. Always pay attention to listen to the opinions of the common people. A "drum for remonstrance" was set up in front of the simple palace gate. Anyone who put forward any opinions or suggestions to him or his country can hit the drum at any time. When Yao heard the drum, he immediately received it and listened to the opinions of the visitors. In order to facilitate the public to find the imperial court, he asked people to set up a "slander tree" on the main traffic road, that is, to bury a wooden column, and there are guards beside the wooden column. If the people have any opinions, they can state to the guards, and if the visitors are willing to go to the imperial court, the guards will give guidance. Yao often said, "if a person is hungry, I starve him; if a person is frozen, I freeze him; if a person is guilty, I harm him."

Interview with naxianneng

summary

Shi Zaiyao's nine or eleven meritorious officials are full of talents. But he was afraid of burying talents, and there was a legacy. Therefore, he often went deep into the remote areas, went to the mountains and fields for detailed visits, asked for talents, investigated political gains and losses, and selected talents.

During the Warring States period, Zhuang Zhou once said: Yao governed all the people in the world and made the politics in the sea clear. He once went to Gushe mountain on the North Bank of Fenshui River to pay homage to four well-known people. He was so disappointed that he seemed to have lost the world. They are Fang Hui, Shan Juan, PI Yi and Xu you. As a well-known sage, Shanjuan valued justice over profit and did not covet wealth. Yao realized that virtue and wisdom were not as good as Shanjuan. He realized that for a virtuous person, he should not be arrogant and arrogant, but should be courteous and courteous. He visited him with the manners of common people treating the elderly and students treating teachers, and let Shanjuan take the lead.

Get Xu you

According to Zhuangzi, Yao's teacher was Xu you, Xu you's teacher was yeque, yeque's teacher was Wang Ni, and Wang Ni's teacher was dressed. PI Yi is Pu Yi, which is also called Pu Yi. He lives in pugu mountain,

Chinese PinYin : Tang Yao