Feng Guozhang

Feng Guozhang

Feng Guozhang

(January 7, 1859 - December 28, 1919)

Huafu

, a work

Hua Fu

He was born in xishijing village of Hejian City, Zhili City, and was the leader of the warlord. Together with Wang Shizhen and Duan Qirui, he was known as the "three heroes of Beiyang". Feng Guozhang graduated from the Beiyang Military Academy in his early years. He was the general manager of the Beiyang infantry academy and the general manager of the training camp. In 1903, Feng Guozhang was appointed Deputy envoy of the military order Department of the central military training office, and later successively served as commander in chief of the first army. He is also the first and last person, but he is smart, studious and hardworking. During the 1911 Revolution, he led the Beiyang army to suppress the Wuchang Uprising. After the second revolution, he led the army to attack. He also served as the governor of Jiangsu Province, sitting in the southeast. After Yuan Shikai became emperor, he was appointed as the chief of the general staff. Later, he was appointed to replace Duan Qirui and the commander-in-chief of Yunnan. And the five generals issued a power to force Yuan Shikai to cancel the imperial system.

After Yuan Shikai's death, Li Yuanhong succeeded as the president, and Feng Guozhang was elected as vice president by the Congress. He worked in Nanjing. Later, Li Yuanhong and Duan Qirui broke out a "battle between the government and the court", which led to the restoration of Zhang Xun and was suppressed by Duan Qirui. Li Yuanhong resigned, Feng Guozhang went to Beijing as acting president, and Duan Qirui returned to the post of prime minister. On August 13, 1918, Feng Guozhang resigned as vice president and returned to Hejian's hometown in 1919. In October 1919, Feng Guozhang arrived in Beijing and died on December 28 at the age of 60.

Life of the characters

Early experience

On January 7, the ninth year of Xianfeng (1859), Feng Guozhang was born in xishijing village, Hejian City, Zhili (today's Hebei Province). Feng Jiayuan was a big family in the village. His grandfather, Feng Pizhen, was one of the four big families in the village with a rich family and 300 mu of land. His father Feng Chuntang, who failed in the imperial examination, was insane and suffered from natural disasters. Feng Guozhang has four brothers, and he ranks the fourth. Feng Peizhang, the eldest brother, runs theatrical troupes all the year round and travels to other places; Feng Yunzhang, the second year old, studied since childhood and was elected Bagong; Feng Huzhang, the third year old, wenxiangsheng. At the age of 7, he studied in his village's private school. Five years later, he went to MaoGong Academy in sanshilipu, where his family is located. Feng Guozhang was young, intelligent, broad-minded and bold. In his childhood, he studied privately in his hometown. In 1876, he graduated and ranked among the best in the examination. With the support of his cousin Feng Gantang, Feng Guozhang went to Lianchi Academy in Baoding for two years in 1881. Because of the hardship of his family, he dropped out of school and went home in 1883. In order to find a way out, Feng Guozhang went to Dagukou to join the Huai army and began his military career in 1884.

In 1884, at the age of 25, Feng Guozhang came to the Zhizi camp of Huaijun army in Dagukou alone. He joined the army through the introduction of his family uncle who was a clerk in the camp. Because Feng Guozhang had a certain degree of education, he often helped soldiers write family letters or keep accounts for the kitchen. He was popular and trusted by Liu Qi, the commander of the battalion. In 1885, Feng Guozhang joined zhiziying of Huai army as a soldier. Recommended by Liu Bao, Feng Guozhang entered

Tianjin Wubei school

Learn the infantry division. The school was founded in 1885 by Li Hongzhang, governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang in order to cultivate middle and lower level military talents of the Huai army. He has a German military instructor. His courses include art of war, geography, weapons, battery, algorithm, surveying and mapping. He also practices artillery team, infantry team, horse team, engineering team, and split and combined array. He also studies classics and history. Feng Guozhang is the first student of the school. During his study, he went back to his native place to take the imperial examination. At that time, he set up a special number of math students. Because he was good at arithmetic, he was a scholar in the examination. Later, he returned to Tianjin military academy to continue his military studies. Feng Guozhang studied hard, proficient in gun formation, familiar with barracks operation, excellent results in all subjects, and was appreciated by Yinchang, the general manager of the school, and German instructors.

In July 1889, Feng Guozhang graduated from the school with excellent results. At that time, Feng Guozhang was already 30 years old. He was not satisfied with the status quo and wanted to make great achievements in the army. So he joined Nie Shicheng's army in 1893. On the eve of the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, Feng Guozhang accompanied Nie Shicheng to the northeast and Korea to investigate and survey the terrain. For half a year, he trekked thousands of miles and experienced hardships. Where we have reached, we use the new method to draw and explain the mountains and rivers and fortresses. We know the terrain and features as well as the palm of our hand. The collected materials were compiled in the name of Nie Shicheng into a book called "journey to the East", which was annotated by Feng Guozhang. In the second year, when Nie Shicheng led his troops to fight against the Japanese army in Korea and Northeast China, this book played a great guiding role. Therefore, Feng Guozhang was favored by Nie Shicheng and was appointed as the supervisor of the ordnance Bureau. After the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, Feng Guozhang was recommended by Nie Shicheng and went to Japan as an entourage of Yu Geng, the Qing minister to Japan. During his stay in Japan, in order to investigate the Japanese military, Feng Guozhang made friends with Japanese military personages, such as Fukushima anzheng and Aoki Xuanchun, and read a large number of modern military works. He obtained a large number of information about military coaches. Day and night, he transcribed and sorted out several "military books" about military training and the development of modern military science.

Assistant yuan Mu

After Feng Guozhang returned to China in 1896, he sent his carefully arranged notes to Nie Shicheng, who then transferred them to Yuan Shikai. At that time, Yuan Shikai was actively preparing for military training in small stations. He was in urgent need of military teaching talents. Seeing that Feng Guozhang's military materials were "Hongbao", he recruited Feng Guozhang to assist in the training of the new army. Wang Shizhen and Duan Qirui, his classmates in Wubei school, also entered the small station with Feng Guozhang. In his teaching, Feng Guozhang combined with the actual situation, explained in simple terms, and was deeply supported and loved by the cadets. Soon after, Feng Guozhang was appointed Deputy to the battalion affairs office and supervisor of the infantry Academy. Soon afterwards, he was promoted to the general office of the operations department. In view of the founding of the new army, Feng Guozhang should follow in the training work. After careful planning, he worked with Wang Shizhen and Duan Qirui to compile 22 volumes of "detailed illustration of training methods", which became the standard textbook for the camp schools and the main textbook for the military schools and the new army at the end of the Qing Dynasty. As Feng Guozhang and others wholeheartedly assisted Yuan Shikai, the reputation of small station training was greatly boosted, and Feng Guozhang gradually threw himself into Yuan Shikai's arms.

Yuan Shikai betrayed Emperor Guangxu and the reformers who took part in the reform movement of 1898, which won the favor of Empress Dowager Cixi. In March of the 25th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu (1899), the new army was renamed "the right army of Wuwei". Soon after, Yuan Shikai led his army to Shandong and was sent to act as governor of Shandong to suppress the Boxer Movement. Feng Guozhang, as the commander-in-chief of the camp Affairs Office, gradually reorganized the 10000 Strong Shandong Yong camp into the vanguard of the right army of the armed guards. At one time, he led a team to encircle and intercept the boxers in Dezhou, the border area between Zhili and Shandong. In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), Feng Guozhang participated in the suppression of the Boxer Movement and made great contributions. After Yuan Shikai played a role in protecting the Boxer Movement, he was promoted to the supplementary magistrate. Soon after, he was transferred to Jinan to be in charge of the right army of Wuwei and the army of Shandong Province.

Three heroes of Beiyang

In order to show off in front of the Germans, Yuan Shikai decided to hold autumn exercises and ordered Feng Guozhang, Wang Shizhen and Duan Qirui to step up their military training day and night. In the autumn of 1900, Yuan Shikai invited the German governor in Jiaozhou Bay to visit Jinan. Accompanied by Yuan Shikai and others, the governor boarded the observation platform. He saw that the military flag was bright, the troops were clean and strong, and the military power was awe inspiring. When Feng Guozhang issued a loud command, the team "one foot, then ten thousand feet together, one gun, then ten thousand guns in unison, walking like a billow, standing like a straight wood". The governor praised Feng Guozhang, Wang Shizhen and Duan Qirui as the "three heroes of Beiyang".

In 1901, the Qing government promoted Yuan Shikai to governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang, and Feng Guozhang also took up the post. Yuan Shikai was very ambitious. After he arrived in Zhili, he began to expand the Beiyang army on a large scale. The so-called Beiyang army was named after the new army compiled and trained by Li Hongzhang and Yuan Shikai, the governor of Zhili and ministers of Beiyang. Yuan Shikai first set up the military and political department in Baoding, a special organization for the preparation and training of the Beiyang standing army. The Department was divided into three divisions, namely, the military reserve, the staff and the coaches. Feng Guozhang served as the general manager of the coaching office. Feng Guozhang tried his best to improve the training methods, formulate regulations and training plans, so as to unify the training of the old and new armies. The training of the new army was fruitful for a while. Soon after, the Qing government sent Feng Guozhang and Manchu officials Tieliang and Fengshan to Japan for military investigation. After returning to China, Feng Guozhang served as the deputy commander of the military command department of the Central Military Training Office of the Qing government. He also supervised all the military schools in Beiyang, and also supervised the Beiyang rapid military school and the general school. Therefore, many officers in the Beiyang warlord group were his students and old friends, which laid the foundation for him to become the leader of the direct warlords.

In 1906, Feng Guozhang acted as the deputy governor of Mongolia in zhenghuang banner and concurrently served as the general office of the army noble school. The school was set up by the Qing government mainly to cultivate senior military talents of Manchu and Mongolian. Its members were Shijue, the prince, the imperial clan of Sipin and above, and the children of the current senior civil and military officials of Manchu and Han. The school also has a prince's workshop, which specially calls princes to listen to Feng Guozhang's lectures at a fixed time. Feng Guozhang made use of this opportunity to meet many Manchu and Mongolian nobles and won the trust of the Qing Dynasty. Thus, in 1907, Feng Guozhang was promoted to the post of commander in chief of the military advisory office of the Ministry of the army. In 1908, he was promoted to be the minister on duty of lianggezhuang in Xiling of Qing Dynasty. In November 1908, Emperor Guangxu and Empress Dowager Cixi died one after another. Zaifeng, the younger brother of Emperor Guangxu, assisted his son Puyi to ascend to power. Carry Fengwei

Chinese PinYin : Feng Guo Zhang