Liu Gongquan

Liu Gongquan

Liu Gongquan (778-865) was a famous poet. Jingzhaohua was originally from Yaozhou District, Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province. In the middle of Tang Dynasty, he was an official, a calligrapher, a poet and the younger brother of Liu gongchuo.

When Liu Gongquan was 29 years old, he was a Jinshi, and in his early years, he served as a secretary of the provincial school, and was incorporated into the Li Ting shogunate of xiazhou. In the three dynasties of muzong, Jingzong and Wenzong, officials lived and served books, and grew up in the middle of the dynasty. During the seven dynasties, he became an official of the crown prince Shaoshi, and was granted the title of Duke of Hedong county. He became an official of the crown prince Taibao, so he was called "Liu Shaoshi". In 865, Liu Gongquan died in 1988. As a gift to the crown prince and master.

Liu Gongquan's calligraphy is famous for regular script. He first studied Wang Xizhi's calligraphy. Later, he saw the famous calligraphers in Tang Dynasty. He absorbed the advantages of Yan Zhenqing and Ou Yangxun, and created his own unique "Liuti", which is famous for its strength and strength. Later, he has a good reputation of "yanjinliugu". He is as famous as Yan Zhenqing and is also called "four masters of regular script" together with Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing and Zhao Mengfu. The inscriptions handed down from generation to generation include "Diamond Sutra inscriptions", "xuanmi pagoda stele", "Fengsu stele" and so on, while the cursive script includes "Fu Shen tie", "16 day tie" and "disgrace Xiang tie". In addition, the ink "Meng Zhao tie" and "Wang Xianzhi sent pear tie Ba" were handed down. Liu Gongquan is also a worker's poet, and his poems are included in the whole Tang poetry and the whole Tang poetry.

Overview photo source: Portrait album of famous officials in Tang Dynasty

Life of the characters

Little talent and learning

In 778, Liu Gongquan was born. His grandfather, Liu Zhengli, once served as Cao Canjun, a scholar of Jiazhou; his father, Liu Ziwen, once served as governor of Danzhou; and his brother, Liu gongchuo, a famous Minister of the middle Tang Dynasty. Liu Gongquan liked to study since he was a child. He could write Fu at the age of 12.

In the third year of Yuanhe (808), Liu Gongquan became a Jinshi, and became a secretary at the beginning. When Li Ting, the governor of Chuzhou, was promoted to Xia Suiyin Yu's governor, Liu Gongquan entered his shogunate and served as the Secretary of the shogunate.

Book of three dynasties

In 820, Emperor Xianzong of the Tang Dynasty collapsed. Li Heng, Emperor Mu Zong of the Tang Dynasty, ascended the throne. Liu Gongquan went to Beijing to play political affairs. Mu Zong summoned him and said, "I have seen your handwriting in the Buddhist temple. I want to see you for a long time." He was promoted to youshiyi, a scholar of the Imperial Academy, and later to youbuque, a member of the secretary.

Liu Gongquan served as a calligrapher in the Palace during the three dynasties of muzong, Jingzong and Wenzong. Liu gongchuo, his elder brother, worked in Taiyuan and wrote to Li Zongmin, the prime minister, saying: "my younger brother studied writing and calligraphy painstakingly. In the first dynasty, he was only allowed to serve as a scribe. This position is no different from that of a diviner. I am also ashamed of it. Please give him a casual position." So he was promoted to the right doctor of Shangshu, and then became a doctor of Sifeng, a doctor of the Ministry of war, and a Bachelor of Hongwen school. Wenzong missed him, and called him to serve the book, promoted to Jianyi doctor. Soon after, he became a scholar of the Imperial Academy. Every time I answer Wenzong's question in the bathhouse, the candle is often burnt out, and the conversation is very lively. I refuse to spend time to get the candle, so the maid in the palace uses wax oil paper to light it.

Once, Wenzong summoned six scholars in biandian. Talking about Emperor Wen's frugality, Wenzong raised his sleeve and said, "this dress has been washed three times." Scholars all praised Wenzong's thrifty character. Only Liu Gongquan kept silent. Wenzong left him and asked him why he didn't speak. Liu Gongquan replied: "in the great festival of the monarch, we should pay attention to using virtuous talents, dethroning those dishonest courtiers, listening to loyal advice and clear rewards and punishments. As for clothes that have been washed, it's just a small matter, it doesn't matter. " At that time, Zhou long was also present. After hearing his remarks, he trembled all over, but Liu Gongquan was upright. Wenzong said to him, "I know you should not be demoted to remonstrance, but because you have the manner of remonstrating minister, let you be the remonstrating doctor." On the next day, Emperor Wenzong ordered Liu Gongquan to be an admonishment doctor and a patent maker. He was still an academician and was responsible for writing imperial edicts.

Admonish Wenzong

In the third year of Kaicheng (838), Liu Gongquan was transferred to be the Minister of the Ministry of industry, but he was only a reserve member. Wenzong once called him to ask questions and asked him, "what's on the outside?" Liu Gongquan replied: "since Guo min was appointed as the governor of Yining, people have talked about it one after another. Some say it is good, some say it is not good." Wenzong said: "Guo min is the nephew of Shangfu (Guo Ziyi) and the uncle of the Empress Dowager (Yi'an, empress Guo). He has no fault in his work. What are you going to talk about when general Jinwu is promoted to the rank of a small governor of Funing? " Liu Gongquan said: "with Guo min's merits and moral character, it is appropriate to appoint him as a governor. It is said that the reason for people's discussion is that Guo min offered his two daughters to the palace, so that he was promoted. Is that true? " Wenzong said: "his two daughters came to the palace to visit the empress dowager, not to offer their daughters." Liu Gongquan said: "as the saying goes, melon field does not pick up shoes, Li Xia does not crown. If there is no suspicion, why does this matter have to be known by the family?" He cited the case of Wang Min, a famous official in the early Tang Dynasty, who advised Emperor Taizong to send his concubine out of the palace to illustrate his interests. Zhang Rihua, an envoy of emperor Wenzong, immediately sent his two daughters back to Guo min's family.

After several promotions, Liu Gongquan served as the imperial academician.

Career in later years

In the fifth year of Tang Dynasty (840), Li Jianyan ascended the throne. After Wu Zong ascended the throne, he gave up his official position as a scholar in the inner government and appointed Liu Gongquan as a standing servant of Yousan. Cui Gong, the prime minister, recommended him as a Bachelor of Jixian hall and a magistrate of Jixian Academy. Another prime minister, Li Deyu, had always been kind to Liu Gongquan. However, when he was recommended by Cui Gong, he was very unhappy, so he reduced Liu Gongquan to Prince Zhan Shi and changed him to Prince guest. After several promotions, he served as a senior official of jinziguanglu, Shangzhu state, the founder of Hedong County, and had 2000 households in the city. Later, Liu Gongquan successively served as Zuo Sanqi's constant servant, Guozi's sacrificial wine, Minister of the Ministry of industry, etc.

In the early years of Dazhong (847-860), Liu Gongquan was transferred to be prince Shaoshi.

On the first day of the first month of the 12th year of Dazhong (858), Xuanzong held a court meeting on New Year's day. Liu Gongquan was 80 years old, so he praised Xuanzong at the head of the group. Because Hanyuan hall was far away, Liu Gongquan was tired because of his old age. After congratulation, he was supposed to honor Xuanzong as "emperor Shengjing Wensi and Wu Guangxiao", but Liu Gongquan mistook it as "Guangwu and Xiao", so the censor impeached him and fined him a fine The councilor hated him for not retiring. Liu Gongquan spent 30 years in the Sanpin and erpin classes, and only in the early years of Tang Yizong Xiantong (860-874) did he become an official as the crown prince.

In the sixth year of Xiantong (865), Liu Gongquan died at the age of eighty-eight, and was presented to the crown prince.

Main impact

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Liu Gongquan is a summarizer and innovator of regular script style. On the basis of studying and inheriting the style of Zhong Yao, Wang Xizhi and others, he read modern calligraphy, learned Yan Zhenqing's new ideas, and created his own unique "Liuti" regular script. He became a model for the next hundred generations and one of the outstanding representatives of "Tang calligraphy advocating method".

His handwriting is uniform, thin and hard, and he pursues the Wei Dynasty stele firmly. His stippling is crisp and straight, strong and firm. His regular script, compared with the face, is slightly uniform, thin and hard, so it is called "Yan Jin Liu Gu".

Since Yuan he period of Tang Dynasty, Liu Gongquan's reputation has been increasing. Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty especially cherished Liu Gongquan's calligraphy. He called Liu Gongquan to the front of the hall. The military envoy Ximen Jixuan held the inkstone, and the secret envoy Cui Juyuan held the pen. Liu Gongquan wrote the cross of "Lady Wei passed the writing skills to Wang Youjun" on a piece of paper in a genuine book, the eleven words of "yongchan temple's true grass thousand character essay gets the family law" in running script, and the predicate helper in cursive script on a piece of paper The eight characters "Yan Ya Hu Ye". Xuanzong rewarded him with brocade and silver wares. He was also asked to write a letter of thanks, regardless of the true or cursive script. At that time, Gongqing's family set up a monument for their ancestors. If they didn't get the inscription written by Liu Gongquan, people would think it was unfilial. Moreover, Liu Gongquan's reputation spread abroad. When foreigners paid tribute, they prepared money to buy Liu Gongquan's calligraphy. Tang Wenzong once praised his calligraphy, even Zhong Yao and Wang Xizhi's rebirth.

Nowadays, people still choose Yan, Liu, ou, Chu, Yu and other calligraphers in Tang Dynasty as their first choice to learn calligraphy. In particular, Liu Gongquan's standard of regular script is still an example for people to learn from today. Liu Gongquan made outstanding contributions in the reform and development of calligraphy, which not only summarized the development of calligraphy in Tang Dynasty, but also laid the foundation for the development of regular script.

Historical evaluation

Li Heng: I saw your handwriting in the Buddhist temple. I've been thinking about it for a long time.

Liu gongchuo: my younger brother painstakingly expressed his skill.

Li Ang: you have the style of a courtier. ② It is rare to have clear words and sufficient meaning. ③ Zhong (Zhong Yao) and Wang (Wang Xizhi) are reborn. There is nothing to add!

Li Yu: those who are good at Dharma calligraphy have their own right army (Wang Xizhi) Liu Gongquan got his bone and lost his life.

CEN Zongri: Liu Gongquan has got his strength, so he is like a private soldier in Yuanmen, and he has a strong sense of environmental protection.

Fan Zhongyan: the pen of prolonging life, Yan jinliugu. Scattered in the world, treasures are gods.

Su Shi: Liu Shaoshi's books come from his beauty, but he can bring forth new ideas.

Mi Fu: Liu Gongquan is like a Taoist in the deep mountains. He has been cultivated. He has a clean and healthy air and has no worldliness.

Zhu Changwen: the method of Gai Qi comes from Yan (Yan Zhenqing), and it is powerful and rich. It is a family of its own.

Yang Shen: Liu Gongquan's "heart is right" and "pen is right" to Mu Zong. He knows that he admonishes Mu Zong with his pen. Liu gongchuojin's "Tai Yi Zhen" says that "Qi has no gap, and the gap is not big." Xianzong says that "Qing loves me deeply" is covered with medical admonition. There are people in Liu's life.

Wang Shizhen: according to the book "Orchid Pavilion", although it's far away from the Shanyin room, it's necessary to be able to learn from the gods.

Fengfang: in the past, it was said that "double hook hanging wrist, let the left side and the right side, empty palm solid."

Chinese PinYin : Liu Gong Quan