Yuan Chonghuan

Yuan Chonghuan

Yuan Chonghuan (1584-1630) was born in Dongguan County, Guangzhou Prefecture, Guangdong Province. He was a famous general of anti Qing Dynasty in the late Ming Dynasty and a patriotic general.

Yuan Chonghuan was a Jinshi in the 47th year of Wanli (1619). He was first granted the title of magistrate of Shaowu County in Fujian Province. Later, he became a minister of the Ministry of war and a censor of Youdu. He supervised the division of Ji and Liao, and also supervised the military affairs of Deng, Lai and Tianjin. He defeated the invasions of the later Jin army many times. In the war against the Qing army (later Jin Dynasty), he won the great victories in Ningyuan and Ningjin, but Wei Zhongxian was reluctant to resign and return home.

After Zhu Youjian, Emperor Sizong of the Ming Dynasty, ascended to the throne, yuan Chonghuan was able to use it again. In 1629, he defeated Huang Taiji and solved the siege of the capital. Wei Zhongxian's remaining party impeached yuan Chonghuan with the charges of "killing Dao Shuai (Mao Wenlong)", "negotiating peace with the Qing government" and "fighting against Shi Mi". In August of the third year of Chongzhen (1630), yuan Chonghuan was thought by Zhu Youjian to have a secret agreement with Houjin, and was executed by lingchi. His family was moved to three thousand li, and his property was confiscated. In fact, his family had no money left. There is a collection of Yuan Dushi, and a collection of yuan Chonghuan.

Life of the characters

Early experience

Yuan Chonghuan was born in the 12th year of Wanli (1584) and the 47th year of Wanli (1619). At the age of 35, yuan Chonghuan passed the entrance examination and was appointed as the magistrate of Shaowu County, Fujian Province. When he was in office, he liked to talk with people about the art of war. When he met veterans, yuan Chonghuan discussed with them about the frontier fortress, so he knew more about the situation of the frontier fortress and thought he had the ability to guard the frontier.

In the second year of Tianqi (1622), yuan Chonghuan went to the capital to meet Zhu Youxiao, the emperor of Ming Dynasty. Hou Xun, the censor, promoted yuan Chonghuan to the Ministry of war. Soon after, Guangning was captured by the later Jin army, so the imperial court discussed that it should send someone to guard the mountain customs. When yuan Chonghuan learned about it, he went out to check the terrain. After returning to the imperial court, yuan Chonghuan said: "as long as you can give me enough money and food, I can guard the mountain customs by myself." The Minister of the central court also praised yuan Chonghuan's ability, so he made an exception to prepare money for the army, supervised the foreign army, allocated 200000 yuan and asked him to recruit troops.

Managing Liaodong

At that time, all the places outside the pass were under the control of HALASHAN, so yuan Chonghuan stayed in the pass after he took office. Before long, HALASHAN's various departments were subordinated. King JINGLUE ordered yuan Chonghuan to move his troops to zhongqiansuo in the Jin Dynasty, and supervised the troops of Zhou Shoulian and Zuo Fu, a guerrilla general, to manage the affairs of the former garrison. After that, Wang ordered yuan Chonghuan to go to Qiantun to resettle the unemployed people in Eastern Liaoning Province. Yuan Chonghuan immediately set out at night, risking the risk of being attacked by tigers and leopards and shuttling between the thorns. After entering the city on the fourth night, the soldiers praised yuan Chonghuan for his courage. Wang Zaijin relied heavily on yuan Chonghuan, who was promoted to serve as a former soldier in Nanjing. However, yuan Chonghuan felt that Wang Zaijin had no long-term strategic goal, so he did not follow Wang Zaijin in everything. Wang zaipu built the wall in Balipu in Jin Dynasty. Yuan Chonghuan thought that this was not a good strategy to resist the enemy, but he couldn't argue, so he played a book to Shoufu Ye Xianggao.

There are more than 100000 refugees in shisan mountain. When sun Chengzong, a bachelor, was touring the frontier fortress, yuan Chonghuan asked sun Chengzong, "station 5000 troops in Ningyuan, strengthen shisan mountain, and then send generals to rescue shisan mountain. Ningyuan is only 200 li away from shisan mountain. It can easily occupy Jinzhou. If you can't retreat to Ningyuan, how can you give up 100000 refugees? " Sun Chengzong then discussed with governor Wang Xiangqian. Wang Xiangqian thought that the army stationed in Guanshan had just lost the battle and was demoralized. It was better to mobilize 3000 troops to Ningyuan. Sun Chengzong agreed to dispatch troops to Ningyuan on the one hand and let Wang Zaijin rescue the refugees on the other hand. However, Wang Zaijin failed to rescue the refugees, and only 6000 people were rescued from 100000 refugees. Sun Chengzong was very angry about this and refuted Wang's proposal to build a heavy wall in the Jin Dynasty, so he called all the civil and military generals to discuss the key defense areas. Yan Mingtai advocated garrison in juehua, yuan Chonghuan advocated garrison in Ningyuan, while Wang Zaijin, Zhang Yingwu, Xing Shenyan and others all opposed, but sun Chengzong adopted yuan Chonghuan's idea. When sun Chengzong closed his door, he relied more on yuan Chonghuan. Yuan Chonghuan did what he expected. He made remarkable contributions in pacifying the army and the people and preparing the border defense.

Ningyuan victory

In September of the third year of Tianqi (1623), sun Chengzong decided to guard Ningyuan. Qian Shi Wan Youfu and Liu Zhao tried their best to dissuade him, but sun Chengzong insisted on going, and ordered man GUI and Yuan Chonghuan to go together. After yuan Chonghuan took office, he found that the wall that Zu dashou had built under the orders of sun Chengzong was not up to standard. So yuan Chonghuan formulated the specifications to rebuild the wall, and ordered Zu dashou, Gao Jian and he Qian to supervise the construction.

In 1624, the construction of Ningyuan city was completed. With the efforts of man GUI and Yuan Chonghuan, Ningyuan was regarded as an important town outside the pass. The generals and soldiers were willing to serve Ningyuan. The business people and refugees regarded Ningyuan as a paradise. In September of the same year, yuan Chonghuan, together with generals Ma Shilong and Wang Shiqin, led 12000 land and water horse infantry troops to inspect Guangning, pay homage to Beizhen temple, pass through shisan mountain, arrive at youtun, and then go back by boat at Sancha River. Thanks to yuan Chonghuan's defense, he was successively promoted to the rank of deputy envoy of the army and vice minister of the right to participate in politics.

In the fifth year of Tianqi (1625), sun Chengzong and Yuan Chonghuan decided to send generals to occupy Jinzhou, Songshan, Xingshan, youtun, Dalinghe, Xiaolinghe and other places, and repair the long-term garrison of the city defense. Therefore, Ningyuan became the inland, opening up the territory and restoring the land for 200 Li. In October of the same year, sun Chengzong was dismissed and replaced by Gao Di. Gaodi thought that it would be impossible to defend outside the pass. He ordered the troops to withdraw from Jinzhou, youtun and other places. Jin Qihe, the General Commander of dutun, wrote a letter to yuan Chonghuan, saying: "Jinzhou, youtun and Daling are all important places for vanguards. If they withdraw, the people who have settled down will be moved again, and the recovered territory will fall again. How many times can they stand to retreat inside and outside the pass?" Yuan Chonghuan also argued with Gao Di: "in the art of war, if there is progress but no retreat, how can the recovered territory be easily abandoned? If Jinzhou and youtun are shaken, it will be difficult to protect Ningyuan, and then the door will be closed. These places only need to send good generals to guard, so they don't need to worry too much. " However, Gaodi insisted on withdrawing and wanted to withdraw the troops from Ningyuan. However, yuan Chonghuan said that he would rather die in Ningyuan than withdraw. Gaodi was unable to force yuan Chonghuan, so he evacuated all the soldiers and civilians in Jinzhou and other places, discarding more than 100000 rice millet. Many people died on the way of migration, crying wildly and the army and the people were full of complaints. Yuan Chonghuan asked to go home to watch his father's funeral, but he was refused . In December of the same year, yuan Chonghuan was promoted to the post of inspector.

In the first month of the sixth year of Tianqi (1626), Nurhachi learned that sun Chengzong had been dismissed, so he led a large army to the west of Liaohe River. On the 23rd, the Jin army arrived in Ningyuan, where he and Yang Lin, the commander in chief of JINGLUE Gaodi, supported his troops at the mountain customs and refused to rescue Ningyuan. When yuan Chonghuan learned of this, he immediately wrote a blood letter and swore an oath with general man GUI, deputy general Zuo Fu and Zhu Mei, and general Zu dashou to defend the city to death. On the one hand, yuan Chonghuan made Cheng Weizhen, his fellow magistrate, investigate the spies, ordered Jin Qizhen to guard the food and grass, and sent a message to Zhao liujiao, the former garrison general, and Yang Qi, the mountain and sea garrison general. If any soldiers fled here, they could be killed.

Nurhachi sent the captured Ming people back to Ningyuan and asked them to persuade yuan Chonghuan to surrender, but yuan Chonghuan refused. So Nurhachi raised a large army to attack Ningyuan City, and let the soldiers hold shields to attack the wall. However, yuan Chonghuan asked Luo Li and others to command the Western artillery to bombard the Jin army, which was defeated by the artillery attack and attacked the city for two consecutive days with heavy losses. Nurhachi ordered to withdraw. But the famous general Jin Qihe died of spontaneous combustion when he ignited the gun. After the victory of the Ningyuan defense war, the Ming Tingju Dynasty was delighted and Yuan Chonghuan was promoted to be the censor of Youjin capital.

On the other hand, the later Jin army attacked juehua Island wantonly, killing general Jin Guan and tens of thousands of soldiers and civilians. However, yuan Chonghuan just tried his best to save Ningyuan and was unable to rescue juehua. After the great victory of Ningyuan, JINGLUE Gaodi and Yang Lin were dismissed because they did not send reinforcements. The Ming government replaced them with Wang Zhichen and Zhao Zhijiao.

Ningjin grand victory

In March 1626, the Ming government re established the governor of Liaodong, and took yuan Chonghuan as the governor. Wei Zhongxian sent his party members Liu Yingkun and Ji Yong to guard him. Yuan Chonghuan Shangshu asked him to be transferred, but he was refused. The Ming government added yuan Chonghuan as the right servant of the Ministry of war, and his descendants had thousands of royal families. But soon after, yuan Chonghuan broke the siege of Ningyuan and gradually became arrogant. He quarreled with the general man GUI. So yuan Chonghuan asked to transfer man GUI to another place, and the Ming court called man GUI back to the court. After Wang Zhichen wrote a letter and asked to keep Mangui, yuan Chonghuan quarreled with Wang Zhichen. The Ming court was worried that the conflict between the two men would affect major events, so they were separated. Wang Zhichen supervised the inside of the pass and Yuan Chonghuan guarded the outside.

In August of the same year, Nurhachi died. Yuan Chonghuan sent envoys to mourn for his death to spy out the truth, and Huang Taiji sent envoys to repay him. Yuan Chonghuan wanted to make peace with Houjin, so he wrote a letter and sent envoys again.

In winter and October, yuan Chonghuan led Liu Yingkun, Ji Yong, Zhao Zhijiao and others to inspect Jinzhou, Dalinghe, Xiaolinghe and other places. In order to revitalize farmland and restore the territory abandoned by Gaodi, the descendants of Wei Zhongxian, Liu Yingkun and others can enjoy the shadow of the royal family from generation to generation. Yuan Chonghuan was promoted from the original royal family to the commander. He then wrote: "although Liaodong's corruption is due to the instability of people's hearts, it is also because it has lost its tangible danger, and there is nothing to strengthen people's hearts. The army is not conducive to field operations. It can only rely on solid walls and use cannons. Now the four cities of Shanhaiguan have been renovated, and the cities of Songshan should be renovated. The army of 40000 people on duty is indispensable. " The emperor wrote back to yuan Chonghuan and agreed to his request.

In the first month of the seventh year of Tianqi (1627), Huang Taiji agreed with yuan

Chinese PinYin : Yuan Chong Huan