Chen Jiongming

Chen Jiongming

Chen Jiongming (January 13, 1878 - September 22, 1933), born in Haifeng County, Shanwei City, Guangdong Province, was a military general of Guangdong Province. He was one of the military and political representatives in the period of the Republic of China. He advocated "inter provincial autonomy", which was inconsistent with sun Yat Sen's political program of "great unification". After being attacked by the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, he stayed away from Hong Kong and helped the largest overseas Chinese community organization "Hongmen Zhigong Tang" transform into an overseas Chinese community“ China Zhi Gong Party "and the first Prime Minister of the party.

He died in Hong Kong on September 22, 1933 and was buried in Ziwei mountain on April 3, 1935.

Life of the characters

Born in Haifeng, Shanwei, Guangdong Province, in 1878, it was originally named Jie, with the word "zanzhi" and "Jingcun";

In 1899, he was a Chinese scholar;

In 1906, he went to Guangzhou to study in Guangdong law and politics school and graduated with honors in 1908;

In 1909, he served as a member of the Guangdong consultative Bureau, and successively put forward such proposals as the case of abolishing the accumulated malpractice of the government office, the case of abolishing the local law, the case of preparing for the local autonomy of towns and townships, the case of preparing for the construction of Huihu Railway, and the case of banning all gambling. In November, he was promoted to Shanghai with Qiu Fengjia and other representatives to attend the joint conference of provincial Advisory bureaux and join the league;

In 1910, he participated in the liaison work of Guangzhou new army uprising;

In 1911, he served as the head of the establishment section and the deputy head of the dispatch section under the overall planning department of the leading organ of the Guangzhou Uprising, and was determined to lead the all-way front selection team to attack the patrol coach office. After the Wuchang Uprising, he was sent to Dongjiang by the southern branch of the alliance to organize a civil army uprising and recover Huizhou;

In 1911, the Guangdong military government was established, and was promoted as deputy governor, and later as acting governor;

In 1913, Guangdong declared independence and denounced Yuan Shikai. After failing, he fled to Hong Kong and went to Singapore;

In 1915, he contacted a group of former Kuomintang members to set up a new school and organized the China Water Conservancy Association, which was severely criticized by Sun Yat Sen;

In 1916, he returned to Dongjiang, Guangdong Province, launched an uprising between the garrison and the people's army, and took part in the struggle against yuan;

In 1917, Li Yuanhong, the president of Beijing government, awarded him "general Dingwei". Later, he expressed his "wholehearted support" to Sun Yat Sen, participated in the law protection movement, served as the commander-in-chief of the Fujian Guangdong aid army, occupied Tingzhou, Zhangzhou, Longyan and other places in southwest Fujian, and established a base area, known as the "South Fujian law protection area";

In August 1920, he led the Guangdong army back to Guangdong from Guangxi, defeated the Guangxi warlords and was appointed governor of Guangdong Province and commander in chief of Guangdong army;

In May 1921, he was appointed by Sun Yat Sen as the head of the army and Interior Department of the government of the Republic of China. He actively participated in the "inter provincial autonomy" movement and opposed Sun Yat Sen's idea of the northern expedition. In June, he served as the commander-in-chief of the Guangxi aid army, marching into Guangxi and occupying the whole territory of Guangxi. Later, he blocked Sun Yat Sen from setting up the base camp of the northern expedition in Guilin and destroyed the northern expedition;

In April 1922, Sun Yat Sen refused to go to Wuzhou to discuss the northern expedition with Sun Yat Sen, and threatened to resign from his posts. Sun Yat Sen removed him from the posts of governor of Guangdong Province, commander-in-chief of Guangdong army and director of the Ministry of internal affairs. After retreating to Huizhou, his subordinate Ye Ju led the main force of "Chen Jiajun" back to Guangdong and launched a mutiny on June 16, shelling the presidential palace and Yuexiu building. On August 15, he returned to Guangzhou as commander in chief of the Guangdong army;

In January 1923, he was defeated by the Western beggars' army formed by the Allied forces of Yunnan, Guangxi and Guangdong, and then led his troops to retreat to Dongjiang;

In 1925, the National Revolutionary Army carried out two expeditions to the East and completely destroyed its headquarters. After staying away from Hong Kong, he reorganized the American Hongmen Zhigong hall into the Chinese Zhigong party;

He died in Hong Kong on September 22, 1933.

Early career

In the first year of Xuantong, Chen Jiongming was elected a member of the Guangdong Advisory Bureau. He took part in the revolution of 1911 and the famous Huanghuagang uprising. He was the leader of the fourth Death Squadron in the battle of Huanghuagang and failed to bomb the commander of Guangdong Navy.

After the Wuchang Uprising, Chen Jiongming went to Dongjiang to organize a civil army uprising. On November 9, 1911, shortly after the "peaceful restoration" of Guangdong, he became the deputy governor of Guangdong and later the acting governor.

In April 1912, he served as the general appeasement manager of Guangdong, and later as the garrison envoy of Guangdong. In June 1913, he succeeded as governor of Guangdong Province, and on July 18, he announced that Guangdong Province would become independent to seek yuan. Later, Su Shenchu, his teacher, bombarded the governor's office and established himself as an interim governor. Chen fled to Hong Kong and Singapore.

In December 1915, he returned to Dongjiang and organized a civil army uprising. The next year, he set up the general headquarters of the Guangdong Republic army near Huizhou and took up the post of commander-in-chief. After Yuan died and Li Yuanhong became president, Chen handed over the power of sending troops and was awarded the title of "general Dingwei". Later, he went to Shanghai to participate in the law protection movement initiated by Sun Yat Sen. On November 21, Zhu Qinglan was appointed governor of the province and commander of the pro army. On December 2, Sun Yat Sen appointed Chen as commander-in-chief of the Guangdong army to "aid Fujian". After 10 months of fighting, he defeated Li Houji, the Fujian governor, and occupied more than 20 counties in southwest Fujian. At this time, Chen Jiongming not only reorganized the army and trained the military, but also devoted himself to "refreshing politics". He founded "Minxing semi weekly" and "Minxing daily" to promote "new culture" in response to the spread of new thoughts after the May 4th movement.

Working in Guangdong

In August 1920, he returned to Guangdong under the command of Sun Yat Sen and conquered Guangzhou on October 28. Sun Yat Sen appointed Chen as governor of Guangdong Province and commander in chief of Guangdong army.

In April 1921, the extraordinary congress elected Sun Yat Sen as the extraordinary president. Here, Chen is against the very big presidential election. Chen Jiongming thinks: according to the presidential election law, the president is elected by the two chambers of Congress, and at least two-thirds of all the members present, that is, 580 people, can hold the presidential election meeting. At present, there are only more than 200 members of the old parliament in Guangzhou, which is less than half of the number of the original house of Representatives, and the name vote is implemented. Isn't this a self destructive law? What is the essential difference between the northern destruction law and the northern destruction law? Once a formal government is established in Guangdong, there will be only one outcome: the north and the South will fall into war again. Chen objected to Sun Yat Sen's appointment and did not attend the inauguration ceremony. After Sun became a very big president, he appointed Chen as the chief of the army and the interior ministry, and convinced Chen to join the Kuomintang.

On March 21, 1922, Deng Keng, Chen Jiongming's confidant and chief of staff of the Guangdong army, who was responsible for planning for the northern expedition in the rear, returned to Guangdong Province from Hong Kong on business. He was suddenly assassinated at guangjiu station and died two days later.

The official history of the Kuomintang has always said that Deng Keng was assassinated by Chen Jiongming. However, the Chen faction and the consulates in Guangzhou, the United States and Britain all believe that the assassination of Deng Keng was the work of the sun faction of the Kuomintang. Deng Keng's death is a fatal blow to the already fragile relationship between sun and Chen. On April 9, Sun Yat Sen asked Liao Zhongkai to tell Chen Jiongming: first, Chen Jiongming participated in the Northern Expedition; second, he raised 5 million yuan for military expenditure. Chen Jiongming could not accept sun's condition, so he was dismissed. In late April, the first Zhifeng war broke out. Sun Yat Sen had been in secret contact with the warlords of Feng and WAN, forming a triangular alliance. Sun Yat Sen deeply felt that this was a thousand year opportunity to unite Feng and WAN warlords to attack Zhixi. He had to immediately send troops to help them. However, to his surprise, just a week after Zhifeng's war, Feng troops were defeated by Wu Peifu and returned to the outside of the pass in a panic. The plan of attacking Zhixi between the north and the South came to nothing. But the northern expedition in the south, like an arrow on a string, had to be launched. On May 8, Sun Yat Sen appointed Ye Ju, a subordinate of Chen Jiongming, as the governor of the Guangdong Guangxi border region, to show his trust in the Guangdong army. On May 9, in Shaoguan, Sun Yat Sen swore to the three armed forces and to the north that "the purpose of leaving the army is to establish a real Republic and eliminate the accumulated political darkness and evil, so as to unify the country and develop the rule of the people.".

However, ye Ju did not appreciate it. On May 20, he led more than 60 battalions of Guangdong troops and suddenly entered the provincial capital. Although the Guangdong army is under the banner of welcoming Chen's return to office, it has begun to divide internally. One faction demanded that Chen Jiongming return to the province immediately, resume all his duties and take charge of the overall situation; the other faction was dissatisfied with Chen Jiongming's weak attitude towards Sun Yat Sen and hoped that ye Ju would lead the Guangdong army and break with Sun Yat Sen completely. If Chen Jiongming did not agree, he would be invited to go abroad or stay in Huizhou to recuperate. On May 31, an article in Shanghai's "Shen Bao" revealed the internal differences of the Guangdong Army: "now Chen's trilogy is divided into two groups: one is that Chen should return to the province immediately, and the overall situation will be established; the other is that Chen should not make mistakes, and can only return to the province after the settlement is completed." Chen Jiongming lived in seclusion in Huizhou. Letters and telegrams from all walks of life calling on Chen Jiongming to return to the province have been published in the newspapers, and envoys to persuade Chen Jiongming to return to the province are in an endless stream. Even Chen Duxiu went to Huizhou to persuade Chen Jiongming to join the Communist Party and lead the revolution in South China.

On June 1, 1922, Sun Yat Sen led two battalions of guards to return from Shaoguan to Guangzhou, which was heavily surrounded by the Guangdong army. On June 2, Sun Yat Sen hosted a banquet at the presidential palace to entertain the generals of the Guangdong army. Unexpectedly, none of the senior officers were invited. Only a few middle and lower ranking officers came. He said to the small officers, "tell your officers not to think that you can act recklessly if you are guarding Baiyun Mountain. I will go to Yongfeng immediately, raise my fire and sail into Dongjiang River to shoot you. Even your base areas will be eradicated at the same time! Now the Dongjiang River is rising, Yongfeng gunboat can go straight into Chen Jiongming's old nest! " Sun Yat Sen sent three telegrams to ask Chen Jiongming to go to Guangzhou immediately to discuss everything, and then sent someone to Huizhou to urge him to drive. But Chen refused to come to Guangzhou at this time. He said he did not plan to go to Guangzhou until the provincial capital troops withdrew. Obviously, he doesn't want to be misunderstood. Chen Jiongming once said that once the Guangdong army rebelled against his grandson, he would not like to see that "all the evils in the world belong to him.".

On June 2, 1922, president Xu Shichang of Beiyang announced his resignation under great pressure. As Sun Yat Sen repeatedly issued political manifestos in the movement of protecting the law, he promised that as long as Xu Shichang stepped down, he would also step down at the same time. Therefore, the public opinion generally believes that after Xu Shichang stepped down, the civil war will stop and the peaceful reunification will finally be a glimmer of light. On June 3, Cai Yuanpei and Hu Shi

Chinese PinYin : Chen Jiong Ming