Qian Sanqiang

Qian Sanqiang

Qian Sanqiang (October 16, 1913 - June 28, 1992), formerly known as Qian bingqiong, is a nuclear physicist. Born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, he is the founder of China's atomic energy science, the founder of China's "two bombs and one satellite" and academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

He graduated from Peking University in 1932. Graduated from Tsinghua University in 1936. In 1939, Qian Sanqiang completed his doctoral dissertation, collision between alpha particle and proton. At the end of 1946, he won the Henry debar prize for microphysics of the French Academy of Sciences. In 1948, he was professor of Physics Department of Tsinghua University, vice president of Chinese Academy of Sciences and President of Zhejiang University, vice chairman and honorary chairman of China Association for science and technology, and vice chairman and President of Chinese physical society. On July 24, 1980, Professor Qian Sanqiang gave a lecture in Zhongnanhai with the title of "a brief introduction to the development of science and technology". He died in Beijing on June 28, 1992 at the age of 79. Many important achievements have been made in the research of nuclear physics, especially in the discovery of triple and quadruple splitting phenomena in heavy nuclei and the scientific explanation of triple splitting mechanism. It has made outstanding contributions to the establishment and development of China's atomic energy science and the development of "two bombs".

Life of the characters

Born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province on October 16, 1913, he lived in Beijing with his father when he was young. He once studied in Kongde middle school where Cai Yuanpei was the principal.

In 1929, with the support of his father, he was admitted to the science preparatory course of Peking University, and also attended the undergraduate course. Professor Wu Youxun's modern physics and Professor SA Bendong's electromagnetism attract Qian Sanqiang.

He graduated from Peking University in 1932.

Graduated from Tsinghua University in 1936. At the recommendation of Professor Wu Youxun, he worked as an assistant under the director of Yan Jici, a famous physicist in the Institute of physics of Peking Research Institute, engaging in the research of molecular spectroscopy.

In September 1937, under the recommendation of Yan Keats, he went to the Curie Laboratory of the Institute of radium, University of Paris to study for his doctorate. His tutor was Mrs. Elena jolio Curie. He also studied polonium radioactive source with the chemist Mrs. gerzinder. He also studied at the Institute of nuclear chemistry of the French college, which Mr. jolio presided over.

In 1939, Qian Sanqiang completed his doctoral dissertation, collision between alpha particle and proton.

In 1940, he received a doctor's degree from France.

In the spring of 1946, Qian Sanqiang cooperated with his colleagues and finally discovered the three and four fission of uranium nucleus through repeated experiments. This discovery not only reflects the nuclear characteristics of uranium, but also enables us to further explore the universality of nuclear fission. "This is the first important work of his laboratory after the Second World War," teacher jorio said with pride

At the end of 1946, he won the Henry debar prize for microphysics of the French Academy of Sciences.

In 1947, he was promoted to research fellow and research tutor of the French National Center for scientific research, and was awarded the officer Medal of the French legion of honor.

In 1948, after returning to China, he successively served as professor of Department of physics of Tsinghua University, deputy director and director of Institute of modern physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences (later Institute of atomic energy), Secretary General of academic Secretariat of Chinese Academy of Sciences, deputy director of Ministry of nuclear industry, vice president of Chinese Academy of Sciences and President of Zhejiang University, vice chairman and honorary chairman of Chinese Association for science and technology, vice chairman and director of Chinese physical society President, honorary chairman of the Chinese nuclear society, specially invited consultant of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, etc.

Since the founding of new China, Qian Sanqiang has devoted himself wholeheartedly to the creation of atomic energy. He served as deputy director and director of the Institute of Modern Physics (later renamed the Institute of atomic energy) in the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and joined the Communist Party of China in 1954.

In 1955, after the central government decided to develop its own nuclear power, he became the planner and was selected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 1955, he was selected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

In 1956, Qian Sanqiang led more than 40 scientific workers to practice and investigate in the Soviet Union. Qian Xuesen, who has just returned from the United States, also came to the Soviet Union to study with Qian Sanqiang.

On November 16, 1956, the Standing Committee of the first National People's Congress decided to establish the third Ministry of mechanical industry in charge of the atomic energy industry (changed to the second ministry on February 11, 1958). Song renqiong was appointed minister, and Qian Sanqiang and Liu Jie, Yuan Chenglong, Liu Wei, Lei Rongtian were appointed vice ministers. He is the only scientist among the vice ministers. Nie Shuai once said to Qian Sanqiang, "if you are an expert in atomic energy, please make suggestions and we will discuss and decide."

In 1958, he participated in the construction of an atomic reactor aided by the Soviet Union, and gathered a large number of nuclear scientists (including his wife he Zehui). He also recommended Deng Jiaxian and other outstanding talents to the team of developing nuclear weapons.

On June 26, 1959, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union wrote a letter, refusing to provide information and teaching models about the atomic bomb. On August 23, the Soviet Union unilaterally terminated the new technology agreement signed by the two countries and withdrew all the experts. After the withdrawal of the Soviet experts, Zhou Guangzhao convened dozens of overseas experts and students abroad and jointly requested to return to China to participate in the war. After returning to China, they successively participated in and presided over the theoretical research and experimental research.

In 1964, on the occasion of his 51st birthday, he developed China's first atomic bomb, which exploded successfully.

In 1967, the hydrogen bomb exploded again. Western media speculate that Qian Sanqiang, a French national doctor, is the father of China's nuclear bomb.

On July 24, 1980, Professor Qian Sanqiang gave a lecture in Zhongnanhai with the title of "a brief introduction to the development of science and technology".

He died in Beijing on June 28, 1992 at the age of 79.

Main achievements

Achievements in scientific research

Many important achievements have been made in the research of nuclear physics, especially in the discovery of triple and quadruple splitting phenomena in heavy nuclei and the scientific explanation of triple splitting mechanism. It has made outstanding contributions to the establishment and development of China's atomic energy science and the development of "two bombs". He has made important contributions to the organization and promotion of scientific research and international cooperation between the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the state.

In February 1954, Qian Sanqiang was appointed Secretary General of the academic Secretariat of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. One of his first important tasks was to prepare for the establishment of the academic department. After repeated deliberation and discussion, he presided over the drafting of relevant documents of the preparatory department. At the same time, he presided over the drafting of the interim organizational regulations of the academic department.

Since its establishment, the academic departments of the Academy of sciences have played a positive role in formulating the national scientific development plan, strengthening academic leadership, uniting scientists inside and outside the Academy, and developing international academic exchanges. They have received the attention of the domestic scientific community, and also have a certain impact on the international community.

During the cultural revolution, the Ministry was forced to stop all activities. After the "Cultural Revolution", Qian Sanqiang was appointed as a member of the Party group and vice president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and immediately began to resume the work of the Department.

Under the conditions at that time, it was extremely difficult to restore the Department. Since 1957, there has been no additional election for 22 years. The average age of the surviving members is 73 years old. Therefore, it is an urgent task to elect a number of new members of the Department. Qian Sanqiang personally organized the election. After nearly a year of recommendation, deliberation, consultation and evaluation, 283 new members of the academic department were elected in November 1980. The average age of members of the academic department dropped from 73 to 65. The Department is back to life.

Due to various reasons, there was no additional election for members of the academic department in the 10 years after 1980. After much consideration, Qian Sanqiang wrote a sincere signed letter to Premier Li Peng on May 7, 1990. He wrote: we are deeply concerned and worried about the talent "fault" in China. The talent gap is not only in the middle level, but also in the high level. For example, the member of the academic department of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, who represents the highest academic honorary title in China, also faces this situation. On June 2, Premier Li Peng met with President Zhou Guangzhao in his office to further listen to the situation report and conduct research on the work of the University. On November 16 of the same year, the State Council approved the request of the Chinese Academy of Sciences for the co election of members of academic departments, and also stipulated that the co election of members of academic departments should be conducted every two years.

Since then, the work of the academic department has been standardized and institutionalized. The development of the academic department has entered a new stage. At the same time, it has created conditions for the implementation of the academician system in China.

In 1980, there was an upsurge of understanding of "strengthening soft science, developing interdisciplinary science and advocating interdisciplinary science" in Chinese science and technology circles. Qian Sanqiang, then vice chairman of the China Association for science and technology, actively supported him with a clear-cut attitude. At the first National Symposium on interdisciplinary science, he delivered a speech entitled "welcome the new era of interdisciplinary science". This speech is widely recognized as a "famous speech" in the history of interdisciplinary science.

In September 1986, the working committee of the Alliance for the promotion of natural science and society was established by the Chinese Association for science and technology, and Qian Sanqiang was also the chairman of the Committee. The task of the committee is to strengthen the research, publicity and training activities in soft science, interdisciplinary science and management science, strengthen the contact between natural science workers and social science workers, and provide scientific basis for leaders' decision-making.

A period of time after 1987, the intellectual circles including science and technology, education, social science, literature and art, philosophy, press and publication, etc. had a great upsurge of joint and cross discussion. The initiator of this upsurge is the promotion alliance committee led by Qian Sanqiang, especially the series of "science and Culture Forum" personally planned and presided over by him.

At the beginning, Qian Sanqiang explained the purpose of the Forum: "fully understand the important role of science and technology in cultural construction, and determine new cultural concepts including science and technology and education, social science and literature and art

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