Qian Mu

Qian Mu

Qian Mu (July 30, 1895 to August 30, 1990), with the name of bin 4 and pen names of Gongsha, liangyin, Yuji and Guyun, was named sushu old man and qifangqiao man in the late Qing Dynasty, and sushu hall and sushu building in Zhai. He was born in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, after Qian Liu, King Wu Su of Wuyue. Modern Chinese historian, thinker, educator, master of Sinology. Academician of Academia Sinica, distinguished researcher of the Palace Museum.

Since the first year of the people's Republic of China (1912), Qian Mu has been a primary school teacher in the countryside. After 1922, he worked as a middle school teacher in Xiamen, Wuxi and Suzhou. In 1930, promoted by Gu Jiegang, he was employed as a lecturer in Chinese at Yanjing University and became a member of the academic circle. Before the Anti Japanese War, he was a professor of Yanjing University, Peking University, Tsinghua University and Peking Normal University, teaching the history of academic thoughts and establishing his academic status. During the Anti Japanese War, he wrote the outline of national history with Peking University and taught the courses of literature and history in southwest United University, Qilu University, Wuhan University, Zhejiang University, West China University and Sichuan University. After the Anti Japanese War, he taught in Wuhua Academy of Kunming, Yunnan University, Jiangnan University and Guangzhou private overseas Chinese University. In 1949, he went to Hong Kong and founded the New Asia Academy. In 1967, he moved to Taipei and became a professor of history at the Chinese Academy of culture. He died in Taipei in 1990 at the age of 95. In 1992, he was buried in Taihu Lake.

All his life, Qian Mu carried forward Chinese traditional culture and held high the banner of Modern Neo Confucianism, which had a great influence at home and abroad. He is respected as a "great master" in Chinese academic circles, and together with LV Simian, Chen Yuan and Chen Yinke, he is known as "four masters of history". There are more than 80 monographs. His representative works include the years of pre Qin scholars, the academic history of China in the past three hundred years, the outline of national history, the political gains and losses of Chinese dynasties, the spirit of Chinese history, the history of Chinese thought, and an overview of Neo Confucianism in the song and Ming Dynasties. Also published a variety of theses, such as "the history of Chinese academic thought", "Chinese culture" and so on.

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Life of the characters

Early life

On the ninth day of the sixth lunar month (July 30, 1895) in the 21st year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, a baby boy was born under the fifth great house of qifangqiao in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. Qian Chengpei, the male owner of the household, named it "en long" and "bin Si". Qian "en" is Qian Mu, whose name was changed by his elder brother Qian in the spring of the next year.

After his father Qian Chengpei was admitted as a scholar, he had no intention of becoming a scholar because he was weak and ill. However, I have high hopes for their two sons to study and become officials.

In 1900, Qian Chengpei hired a teacher for Qian Zhi and another nephew from Dangkou town. The teacher lived in the family of elder brother Qian Chengpei and his own son. In the autumn of the next year, under the leadership of his father, Qian Mu also went to the family school. After paying homage to the statue of Confucius, he began his formal career as a student.

Guangxu 30 years (1904), Dangkou town private new fruit education primary school, divided into two levels, four years each. Qian Zhi and Qian Mu were sent to school. After the entrance examination, Qian Zhi entered the first year of higher education and Qian Mu entered the primary school.

In 1906, Qian Chengpei died of lung disease. Before his death, he entrusted Qian Zhi and Qian Mu with the responsibility of teaching his two younger brothers.

In the winter of 1907, Changzhou Fu middle school was founded. All eight students of senior grade 4 of Guoyu, where Qian Zhi worked, signed up for the exam. Qian Mu also signed up with the encouragement of Qian Bogui and Hua qianshuo. Among them, Qian Zhi passed the normal class, Qian Mu passed the middle school class. Knowing that Qian Mu's family was poor, Qian Bogui bought the bedding and pillows for his trip to Changzhou Fu middle school.

In 1910, Qian Mu transferred to Zhongying middle school, a private school in Nanjing.

In 1911, when the Wuchang Uprising broke out and the school was closed, Qian Mu was forced to drop out of school.

New to apricot world

In the spring of the first year of the Republic of China (1912), Qian Mu, who was only 18 years old, recommended him to teach in qinjiashuiqu Sanjian primary school. Qian Mu takes up the post of senior class in principle and teaches Chinese, history and geography, English, mathematics, physical education, music, etc. He teaches 36 hours a week with a monthly salary of 14 yuan. Qian Mu made great progress in teaching and studying hard. After reading Mencius, he found historical records at home from his father's posthumous writings, and Mao Dake's four books correcting mistakes. He studied carefully to understand the Confucianists and their learning in Qianjia period of Qing Dynasty. At that time, Qian Mu also liked to read Oriental Magazine and wrote "on the future foreign policy of the Republic of China" and sent it to the magazine, but it was not published because it involved diplomatic secrets.

In 1914, mu Hongmo was transferred to primary school (formerly Qian Hongyu's primary school). Hongmo school has a complete scale. It is divided into several classes at the beginning of senior high school. Qian Mu teaches advanced classes such as Chinese, history and geography. Compared with three part-time primary schools, the number of class hours per class is reduced, and the monthly salary is increased to $20. Qian Mu dreams of entering Peking University, so he is familiar with the textbook of Chinese history (Peking University Textbook) compiled by Xia Zengyou. After that, he often gives lectures at Peking University on this basis.

In 1915, Qian Mu transferred to Wuxi No.4 primary school. He teaches 18 hours a week and also serves as a teacher in Hongmo school. Although teaching in the countryside is very complicated, he still insists on reading. He also followed the ancient way of chanting scriptures and reading history on a soft day. He arranged his time scientifically. He decided to read difficult books in the morning every day, read history books after night, and read some miscellaneous books in the afternoon.

When Qian mujiao read the Analects of Confucius, he also read Ma Shi Wen Tong and imitated the style. After several years, he wrote the book on Chinese interpretation. This book was published by Shanghai Commercial Press in 1918. This is the first work published by Qian Mu. He bought the edition of 22zi published by Zhejiang government publishing company, so he focused on the study of Mozi and found that there were mistakes in the edition theory. He began to point out the mistakes one by one and corrected them. Finally, he wrote the interpretation of Mojing. A few years later, his research papers on Huishi and Gongsunlong were included in the second volume of a collection of essays on the history of Chinese academic thoughts.

In 1919, John Dewey came to China to give lectures on education. His view is different from traditional Chinese education, which attracts Qian Mu's attention. Qian Mu, 25, wanted to get in touch with young children and start an experiment from scratch to understand the similarities and differences between Chinese and foreign education and their gains and losses, so he transferred to Taibo No.1 Primary School in Houzhai town as principal. During this period, he got the stone copy of Kang Youwei's new study and false classics examination, which was the Zhang version of Liu Xiangxin's father and son chronicle. At that time, Li Shicen returned to China and served as editor in chief of Xuedeng, a supplement to current affairs news in Shanghai. Qian Mu wrote "love and desire" and sent it to Xuedeng. This is the first time he has contributed to a newspaper in his life. Then he sent "on the similarities and differences between a Greek philosopher and Chinese Taoism", which was published a few days later.

In the autumn of 1922, Qian Mu resigned from the post of head of Houzhai primary school and Taibo Municipal Library and went to teach in Taibo County No.1 Primary School. One month later, I applied to Xiamen Jimei school. After he arrived in Jimei, he taught Chinese in two classes of the same year's graduates of senior high school and normal school, and taught Cao Cao's "shuzhiling". At that time, he studied the history of Chinese literature and thought that the Jian'an period at the end of Han Dynasty was the time when the ancient and modern literary styles changed. During this period, he read Chuanshan's posthumous writings and later wrote Wang Fuzhi's chapter "the academic history of China in the last three hundred years" in Peking University, from which he used the materials. He was also inspired by Wang Fuzhi's theory that "Xiang" where Qu Yuan lived in the middle of Hunan was actually the Han River. His Zhuangzi zuanjian is also inspired by Wang Fuzhi's annotation of Zhuangzi.

In 1923, Qian Jibo, a senior teacher of Wuxi Jiangsu Provincial Third Normal University, recommended him to teach in the same university. At that time, the school stipulated that in addition to the first subject of Chinese arts, teachers would hold a class every year. In the first year, they would study philology, in the second year, the Analects of Confucius, in the third year, Mencius, and in the fourth year, they would compile handouts. In the second and third year, Qian Mu compiled the Analects of Confucius and Mencius respectively, and in the fourth year, he compiled an introduction to Sinology, which was later published.

In the autumn of 1927, Qian Mu began to teach the highest class of Chinese in Suzhou middle school. He was also the head teacher of the whole school and the head teacher of the highest class. In the spring of the next year, Fang zhuangyou went to Suzhou to tell Qian Mu that the commercial press was working on the universal library, among which Mozi and Wang Shouren had no one to undertake. Qian Mu worked hard day and night to write them. Soon they were finished and included in the universal library. In the summer of the same year, at the invitation of the academic lecture meeting of the Suzhou Youth Association, he gave a lecture on the topic of "the study of the book of changes", which was included in the first volume of the collection of Chinese academic thoughts.

In the summer and autumn of 1928, Qian Mu's wife and newborn baby died one after another. At that time, his brother Qian Zhi was teaching in Rongxiang middle school, which was newly founded by the Rong family in Rongxiang, Wuxi. After hearing the news, he quickly went home to help him with his affairs. However, due to overwork, his old illness broke out and unfortunately died. The next year, Qian Mu continued in Suzhou and began a new life.

The beginning of academic circles

In 1930, Qian Mu became famous for publishing the chronicles of Liu Xiangxin and his son, and was recommended by Gu Jiegang as a lecturer in Chinese at Yanjing University. At this time, Qian Mu's "the year of the pre Qin scholars" had been completed, which was recommended by Gu Jiegang and applied to be included in the "Tsinghua series", but it was not approved, and then published by the commercial press. At that time, all the universities in Beijing offered courses such as the history of Confucian classics and the general theory of Confucian classics, all of which supported Kang Youwei's ideas. "Liu Xiangxin father and son Chronicle" makes everyone doubt

Chinese PinYin : Qian Mu