Li He
Li He
Li He (790-816) has a long character. Fuchang County, Henan Province, changgu township (now Yiyang County, Henan Province) people, ancestral Longxi County. In the middle of Tang Dynasty, the romantic poets, Li Bai and Li Shangyin were called "three li of Tang Dynasty", and later called Li changgu.
He was born in the room of emperor Zheng (Li Liang) in the Tang Dynasty. He was an official in the shadow of the door and was granted a gift. He was enthusiastic about poetry creation because of his bad official career. The work laments the untimely life and inner depression, expresses the pursuit of ideal and ambition, and reflects the historical picture of the separation of vassal and town, eunuch dictatorship and social exploitation. Poetry imagination is very rich, citing myths and legends, the ancient home today, later known as the "ghost poetry.". He died young at the age of 27.
Li He is another famous romantic poet in the history of Chinese literature after Qu Yuan and Li Bai. He has the saying of "Taibai immortal talent, Changji ghost talent". As a representative of the poetry style transformation period from the middle Tang Dynasty to the late Tang Dynasty, Li He is as famous as Li Bai, Du Fu, and Wang Wei, who are the "immortal poets" and "poet Buddha". Li He has left behind such beautiful lines as "black clouds oppress the city to destroy it", "a rooster makes the world white" and "heaven is as old as heaven". He is the author of Chang Gu Ji.
Life of the characters
Royal family Wang sun
Li He's distant ancestor was Li Liang (King Zheng), the uncle of Li Yuan, the emperor of the Tang Dynasty. Wu Zetian killed a large number of his descendants when he was in power. When Li JinSu, Li He's father, he had a long history of fame and family decline, and he was in seclusion in changgu. Li He is very proud of his noble lineage in the Tang Dynasty. In his birthday, he repeatedly mentioned: "Li Changji, the grandson of all the kings of the Tang Dynasty", "who do you feel pity for", "ask Cao Zhi to pay homage to the emperor's grandson". But in fact, he was not even the direct source of the royal family. At least his family had already declined.
When Li he told himself about his family, he said, "I live on the mountain, where there is a field of Songqiao. Night rain called rent officials, Chung sound dark pass Li JinSu, father of "sending Wei Renshi brothers to pass", was employed as a "frontier worker" in his early years. In the third year of Dali (768), he went to work in Shu. He once met his cousin Du Fu in gong'an and lived a "wandering" life. In the year of Zhenyuan, when Li he was born, Jin Su was promoted to be the magistrate of Shaanxi county, but soon died. His mother, Zheng, had a daughter and two sons, and was in changgu. After the eldest daughter got married, her family became poorer and poorer. Li He and his brother went out to make a living and wanted to satiate themselves. "If you want to leave for thousands of miles, you will find it easy to fight millet" ("mianaixing two songs to send Xiaoji to Lushan"), which shows the desolation.
Li He has been thin and thin since he was a child, with long claws and eyebrows. He is intelligent, able to write poetry at the age of seven, and good at "quick writing". It is said that in the 12th year of Zhenyuan (796 AD), Li he was seven years old. Han Yu and Huangfu paid a visit to him. Li He often wrote the poem "gaoxuanguo" with his pen. Han Yu and Huangfu were surprised, and Li he became famous in Jingluo. As he was a little older, Li he rode a donkey to find a sentence in the daytime, but at dusk he searched for a bag to sort it out. He burned his plaster after sundial and worked very hard. According to Li Shangyin's biography, "Heng was a slave from Xiaoxi, riding a giant donkey and carrying an ancient brocade bag. When he got something, he put the book into the bag and went back at dusk. His wife made her servant take it out. When she saw a lot of books, she often said," if you want to spit out your heart, it's your ears. ". In the 20th year of Zhenyuan (804), at the age of 15, Li he was already famous in Jinghua and Li Yi.
In 805, the first year of emperor Shunzong's Yongzhen reign, Li he was 16 years old. In that year, Emperor Shunzong succeeded to the throne with illness (stroke), and appointed Wang Shuwen, Wei Zhiyi, etc. In August, eunuch Ju Wenzhen colluded with noble bureaucrats to change yuan Yongzhen, and forced Shunzong to abdicate because of illness. The next year, Shunzong died of illness. Tang people (Liu Yuxi, Liu Zongyuan, etc.) allude in their poems that Shunzong was not dead of illness, but was killed. When Li he became an adult, he learned about it and made a satire of the drinking song of the Han Tang Ji.
Frustrated in official career
In the second year of Yuanhe (807 A.D.) of emperor Xianzong of Tang Dynasty, Li he was about 18 years old, and his poem was well-known. In the third and fourth years of Yuanhe (808-809 A.D.), Li he wrote "the trip of the governor of Yanmen" to pay homage to Han Yu. He also heard that Han Yu was in Luoyang, and Li he paid homage to Han Yu. It is said that Han Yu and Huang Fushi paid a return visit together and wrote the famous poem Gao Xuanguo. He could have been a member of the Imperial College as early as possible, but he was killed by his father when he was still young. At that time, "mourning" must be limited to three years, so it was not until the fifth year of Yuanhe (810) that Han Yu and Li Heshu urged him to be a Jinshi. In the early winter of that year, 21-year-old Li he took part in the Henan provincial examination hosted by Fang Shi, and Han Yu took part in the organization's Henan provincial examination. He wrote "Henan provincial examination of music and the leap moon in December" and won the award at one stroke. At the end of the year, he went to Chang'an to take the imperial examination. However, "when the fan is closed and the dog is not opened", those who are envious of the talent spread rumors that Li He's father's name "Jin Su", "Jin" and "Jin" are "suspected names". Although Han Yu argued that "quality is in law" and "check is in code", he had no choice but to leave the examination. In the spring of the third year of Yuanhe (808 AD), 19-year-old Li he left Beijing and returned to changgu, where he wrote out of the city. In October of that year, he entered Chang'an again. After stopping in Luoyang, Han Yu and Huang Fu visited and comforted those who failed. Li he wrote "Gao Xuan Guo" to thank them. On October 14, Li he said goodbye to his predecessors at renhelifang in Luoyang and wrote renheli zaxuhuangfushi.
In the fifth year of Yuanhe (810), Li he was twenty-one years old. Han Yu was transferred as the order of Henan Province (Henan Prefecture, Luoyang). There was a poem "Yanhe Prefecture scholar", in which "I only want to write articles, but I don't dare to be jealous and fight". It may be because of Li He's misfortune and admonishment.
His failure to take the entrance examination was a great blow to Li He. He wrote many poems expressing his anger and returned to changgu that year. Li he returned to Chang'an in May of the sixth year of Yuanhe (811) because he was a descendant of Li Tang clan and was awarded by Han Yu. After being recommended and assessed by the clan, his father Yin became an official and served as a minister of rites. Since then, Li He has been in Chang'an prison for three years. During his three years as an official, Li He has experienced many things, heard and witnessed many things, made a number of like-minded friends, and had a profound understanding of the social situation at that time. Although his personal life is not satisfactory, he has created a series of poems which reflect the reality and denounce the darkness. Although the mood here was "as gaunt as a cud dog", it increased the life experience, expanded the field of knowledge, and achieved a great harvest in poetry creation. The so-called congratulatory poems "deeply stab the shortcomings of the current world, and hit the hidden of the current world" (Yao Wenxie's words of Qing Dynasty), most of the works came into being in this period. It should be said that his outstanding position in the poetry circle of the middle Tang Dynasty and even in the literary circle of the whole Tang Dynasty was mainly established by nearly 60 works written in this period.
die young
Due to the hopelessness of transfer and the failure of achievement, the thoughts of grief, anger and loneliness become deeper and deeper. In addition to his wife's illness and death, Li he was depressed and ill. Spring in 813, the eighth year of Yuanhe. He went back to changgu to recuperate for some time. Not willing to sink, he took a tour to the south, hoping to show his talent in southern Chu or Wu Yue. When he left Chang'an, his friend monk Wuke (a monk of Qinglong Temple) wrote a poem "send Li Changji to Rendong well" to wish him success in his South tour, but the result was not good. "People in Kyushu are all like this." he went back to Luoyang to say goodbye to his elders, Huangfu and other relatives and friends. On October 14 of the same year, he went west to Chang'an.
In the ninth year of Yuanhe (814), he resigned from the position of Fengli Lang and returned to changgu. After that, you will arrive at Luoyang (via Changyang and gaoqiu). After that, under the recommendation of Zhang Che in Luzhou, he worked as an aide for three years, serving the army of Xi Shimei, the governor of Zhaoyi army, and assisting in official documents.
In the 11th year of Yuanhe (816), because of the domineering northern vassal towns and rampant separatist forces, Xi Shimei failed to fight for treason and went to Luoyang to recuperate. His friend Zhang Che also left for Chang'an. Li he had no way to go, so he had to support his sick body and went back to changgu's former residence to sort out his poems. He soon died of illness at the age of 27.
Main achievements
Bad officialdom
In May of the sixth year of Yuanhe (811), Li he was recommended by the patriarch. After the examination, his father Yin was appointed as an official and served as a minister of rites. From then on, during his three years as an official, Li He personally heard and witnessed many things, made a group of like-minded friends, and had a profound understanding of the social situation at that time. Although Li He's personal life is not satisfactory, he has created a series of poems reflecting reality and criticizing darkness. Although the mood here is "as gaunt as a cud dog", it has increased life experience, expanded the field of knowledge, and achieved a lot in poetry creation. The so-called congratulatory poems "deeply stab the shortcomings of the current society and hit the hidden of the current society".
Work in Poetry
Li He's poems, according to Du Mu's preface, were compiled by himself and preserved by Jixian scholar Shen Ziming. After Song Dynasty, Shi Ze passed on 220 poems in four volumes. Later, Wu Zhengzi of the Southern Song Dynasty made a note, and added a volume of waiji according to Bao Qinzhi's edition, which was called five volumes of He Shi in Tang and song annals. The poem "the governor of Yanmen" is listed in the sixth unit of the eighth grade Chinese edition of Jiangsu Education Press. Li Ping's konghou Yin was selected into the high school Chinese elective Chinese ancient poetry appreciation by people's Education Press
Character evaluation
Overall evaluation
After Qu Yuan and Li Bai, Li He is another famous positive romantic poet in the history of Chinese literature. His poems are full of criticism on the fatuous and decadent rulers and the dark reality of the separatist rule of vassal towns; they are also full of sympathy for the grievances and sufferings of the lower class people, and they tend to be progressive politically. In terms of art, his poems are high and majestic, or as romantic as clouds and snow, or as bright as the moon. In the strange imagination, the ingenious conception, the brilliant language and so on, he is very creative and has made a new school in the middle Tang Dynasty.
Historical evaluation
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Old book of Tang Dynasty
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A quick hand, especially
Chinese PinYin : Li He
Li He
