Zhang Boling

Zhang Boling

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Zhang Boling (1876.4.5-1951.2.23), originally named Shouchun, was born in Tianjin. He is a modern professional educator in China and the founder of private Nankai series schools. The earliest advocator of Western drama and Olympic Games is known as "the first person of Chinese Olympic Games". Zhang Boling graduated from Tianjin Beiyang Naval Academy in his early years, and later received honorary doctorates from St. John's University in Shanghai and Columbia University in the United States. In June 1948, Zhang Boling was the president of the examination institute of Nanjing National Government of the Republic of China. At the end of November 1949, on the eve of Chongqing's liberation, Zhang Boling declined Chiang Kai Shek's request to go to Taiwan and stayed in the mainland.

Zhang Boling took saving the nation through education as her lifelong belief. She successively founded Nankai Middle School, Nankai University, Nankai girls' middle school, Nankai primary school and Chongqing Nankai Middle School, and took over Sichuan Zigong Shuguang middle school. She formed a famous Nankai education system, trained a large number of talents including Zhou Enlai for the country, and was honored as "a creator of modern education in China".

Life of the characters

Study

Zhang Boling was born in a scholar's family in Tianjin on March 11, 1876.

In 1882, when he was a child, he could not afford to delay his schooling because of the decline of his family. He once studied in Zhang Zhupo's family hall, a member of the same clan, and then transferred to the free school run by Mr. Liu.

In 1891, he was admitted to Tianjin Beiyang naval academy to study navigation for four years.

In 1892, he entered Tianjin Beiyang naval academy to learn how to drive. He was the best student in the navigation driving class, and he was among the best in every examination. Yan Fu's thought had a great influence on him.

In 1894, Zhang Boling and other 18 students completed a class and were sent to Beiyang naval fleet for internship.

In February 1895, the Beiyang navy was destroyed and returned to the army full of indignation. In September, Beiyang Naval Academy graduated from the fifth year. Without a boat, he stayed at home for a year. In the winter of that year, he married an's daughter in yixingbu. Because she had been suffering from tuberculosis for a long time, she died five days after marriage.

In February of the 22nd year of Guangxu (1896), he continued to marry Wang. In the spring of the same year, he was sent to Tongji ship for service.

Teaching

In 1897, he served in the Navy after graduation. After the defeat of Jiawu, the agreement of the imperialist bandits was completed. The Qing government sent officials to Shandong to handle the receiving and transferring procedures, and Zhang Boling went with the ship. On the first day when the ship arrived at Weihaiwei, the sun flag of Japan was lowered and the Yellow Dragon flag of China was raised. The next day, China's Huanglong flag was lowered and Britain's rice flag was raised. Zhang Boling witnessed the reception and transfer ceremony of the "three changes of national flag" and personally experienced the scene of humiliating the country, filled with indignation. After returning from Weihaiwei, he thought that the Navy had no hope of serving the country and decided to retire. Soon he left his post and went back to Tianjin to teach at yujiaguan.

In July of the 23rd year of Guangxu (1898), the British forced to rent Weihaiwei. Zhang Boling accompanied the ship to send the Qing government officials to handle the handover procedures. He personally experienced the humiliating scene of "three changes of the national flag". He deeply felt that "the way of self-improvement lies in Education" and was determined to "establish new education and cultivate new talents". In the same year, he got to know and advocated the strict cultivation of new learning, and jointly opened a difficult road of running a school.

In 1903, Zhang Boling sailed to the East in the summer vacation. He saw the grand occasion after the Meiji Restoration and appreciated the importance of education, the scale and methods of education in Japan.

Running a school

In May 1904, after four months of careful investigation, he decided to set up a middle school. Then he merged Yan and Wang schools to set up a "private middle school" (Nankai Middle School). From then on, he ended his family school career and became the supervisor of the school.

In 1907, a new school building was built in Kaiwa area in the south of Tianjin city, which is called "Nankai" by the people. Therefore, it was renamed Nankai Middle School. From then on, it became more and more famous, and Nankai District of Tianjin also got its name.

In the autumn of 1917, he went to the United States to study education at Columbia University. The next year, he returned home and began to organize Nankai University.

In 1918, Yan Xiu and fan Jingsheng also went to the United States. Zhang Boling, Yan Xiu and fan Jingsheng traveled all over the United States to investigate the organization and implementation of many private universities. In December, Zhang Boling and Yan Xiuyou returned to the United States. Soon, he actively raised funds, and with the help of Xu Shichang, Li Yuanhong and other gentry in Tianjin, he began to plan the establishment of Nankai University. After returning to Tianjin in December, he and Yan Xiu officially announced the establishment of Nankai University.

Since Zhang Boling founded Nankai Middle School in 1904, by 1917, there were more than 1000 students. The foundation of the middle school was gradually consolidated, and the educational facilities were gradually improved. Every time he saw the graduates reluctant to leave school, he felt that most students should be provided with the opportunity to continue their studies. The needs of society made him realize that "general education is only the beginning of national education, and the establishment of colleges and universities is the fundamental plan of national development". So he decided to study and study in the United States.

In the spring of 1919, a university classroom was built in the open space at the south end of the middle school, which was completed in the autumn of that year. On September 5 and 6, the freshmen's humanities examination will be held, and the class will begin on September 25. Science has been established since Nankai University was founded. At that time, many private universities were founded in Beijing and Shanghai, which only dealt with liberal arts, law, history, geography, Sinology and other arts and law subjects. The teachers carried thread bound books to class. Zhang Boling invited Ling Bing, who had been in the United States for many years, to be the director of the University Department. In addition to liberal arts, they also set up science and business subjects. Later, they were renamed liberal arts, science and business colleges.

In 1923, Nankai women's middle school was established.

In 1928, Zhang Boling built a primary school opposite the girls' school and set up a primary school department. After the construction and improvement of nvzhonghe primary school, Zhang Boling founded Nankai Economic Research Institute and Applied Chemistry Research Institute in 1927 and 1932 respectively, forming a complete Nankai education system.

In 1936, under the pressure of the situation of Anti Japanese War and the survival and development of Nankai school, Zhang Boling went to Sichuan in person, bought more than 800 mu of land in jialingzhijin of Bayu, and founded Nanyu middle school (later renamed as Chongqing Nankai Middle School), which was praised by millions of Chongqing people as "fertile land for talents and cradle of academicians".

In 1937, after the July 7th incident, Nankai was bombed into ruins by Japanese planes. The University Department moved to Changsha first and then Kunming. Together with Peking University and Tsinghua University, it formed the Southwest Associated University. Zhang Boling was a member of the Standing Committee of the University Committee.

Participating in politics

In July 1938, Zhang Boling was appointed Vice President of the National Political Council. He joined the Chinese Kuomintang in the same year. In the same year, Zhang Boling served as the first deputy speaker of national political participation, and was resident in Jinnan village of Chongqing Shapingba Nanyu middle school, where she communicated with people from all walks of life.

In 1945, he was elected as the central supervisory committee of the national government.

In July 1946, Columbia University awarded the honorary doctorate in literature.

In June 1948, he was forced to serve as president of the examination institute of Nanjing National Government of the Republic of China. Depressed Zhang Boling was not forgotten by the students. Zhou Enlai sent a message to his teacher to express his intention to stay.

Death

At the end of November 1949, Chongqing was about to be liberated. Zhang Boling declined Chiang Kai Shek's request to go to Taiwan and stayed in the mainland.

After the founding of the people's Republic of China, Zhang Boling sent a telegram to Zhou Enlai to express congratulations and praise the policies of the people's government.

From Chongqing to Beijing in May 1950, he was welcomed by Premier Zhou Enlai. After Zhang Boling returned to Tianjin, Huang Jing, mayor of Tianjin, took care of her.

He died in Tianjin on February 23, 1951.

Main achievements

Educational thought

Zhang Boling's aesthetic education and aesthetic education psychology. Mainly in his drama education, music education and environmental education.

Drama Education

Literature and art is an important means of aesthetic education, and drama is one of the important forms of literature and art. Drama is a comprehensive art, which directly faces the audience with the help of the actor's body, action, expression, stage background and music accompaniment. It is an intuitive art, which can cause the audience to pay attention to appreciate, feel and experience the performance plot, so as to promote the audience's telepathy, vibration, purification and sublimation. Therefore, the aesthetic education function of drama is significant, and the psychological effect of aesthetic education is the most profound. The effect of watching and acting Jiao Yulu's and Kong Fansen's plays or movies composed of plays is better than that of taking a few political classes abstractly.

Before liberation, before and after the May 4th movement, among the famous university presidents in China, Cai Yuanpei, President of Peking University, and Zhang Boling, President of Nankai University, paid the most attention to aesthetic education. When he studied in Germany, Cai Yuanpei had accepted Schiller's thought of aesthetic education, and he was also a student of German psychology leader Wundt, so he had a deep foundation in the theory of aesthetic education and psychology. His theory of "Aesthetic Education Replacing Religion" has attracted the attention of the world, and his contribution to aesthetic education mainly lies in the theory. Zhang Boling's works on aesthetic education theory are few, but they surpass Cai Yuanpei in practice and effect.

Zhang Boling is not a writer or an artistic performer. He devoted his whole life to the cause of education, but he realized the educational psychology of "teaching in fun" and "morality in fun", so he was self-confident

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Bo Ling