Cai E
Cai E
Cai E (December 18, 1882 - November 8, 1916), formerly known as genyin, was born in Shaoyang, Hunan Province, Han nationality. He was a great patriot in modern times, a famous statesman, militarist and democratic revolutionist, and an outstanding military leader in the early years of the Republic of China. In his life, Cai E did two great things: one was that he led the new army uprising to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty in Yunnan during the revolution of 1911; the other was that he took an active part in the national defense army uprising to oppose Yuan Shikai's becoming emperor and safeguard the democratic republic regime four years later. His posthumous work is compiled as "the remains of Mr. Cai Songpo".
In his whole life, Cai E paid attention to distinguish the political situation, complied with the historical trend, devoted himself to the revolutionary movement, and made outstanding contributions to military theory and war practice. Especially in the war of national defense, he took part in the war with illness, directed the inferior army to resist the attack of the superior enemy, forced the enemy to cease war and negotiate peace, which showed his unswerving spirit and heroic spirit of fighting for the country and the people to the end.
In the aspect of operational guidance, he paid attention to summing up experience in time, overcoming some impatience and one sidedness in the first battle, revising the operational plan in time, adjusting the deployment of troops according to the changes in the battlefield situation, striving to be active and avoiding passivity, which basically embodied his own guiding ideology of "adjusting measures to the situation according to the time, examining the situation in order to be appropriate, and not being a bit restrained".
Life of the characters
Student days
On December 18, 1882 (November 9, the eighth year of Guangxu reign of Qing Dynasty), Cai E was born into a poor peasant family in yangwantuan Daba, Longguan Township, Wugang Prefecture, Baoqing Prefecture, Hunan Province. He studied in a private school when he was young. At the age of 13, he passed the examination as a scholar. He was admitted to Changsha current affairs school at the age of 15. He studied with Liang Qichao and Tan Sitong. He was appreciated by Liang Qichao, the chief Chinese teacher of the school, and established a deep friendship between teachers and students. Later, he entered Nanyang public school in Shanghai (later renamed as "national Jiaotong University", which is the predecessor of today's "Shanghai Jiaotong University" and "Xi'an Jiaotong University").
In 1899, he went to Japan to study in Tokyo Datong University and Yokohama East Asia Business School. At this time, under the rule of the corrupt Qing Dynasty, China's mountains and rivers were broken, its national strength was weak, and the imperialists looked down on the eagle, and the national crisis was unprecedented serious. Cai E, like many hot-blooded youths, was eager to find a way to save the country and the people. In a poem, he wrote: "to save the people through bloodshed, our generation's affairs will be changed for thousands of years." he poured out his patriotic ambition.
In 1900, he returned with Tang Caichang to take part in the uprising of the independent army. After the failure, he changed his name to "e" and was determined to "save the people with blood". Go back to Japan. He first entered Chengcheng school, then army sergeant school, studied military, and participated in the organization of "anti Russian volunteer team".
In Japan, Cai E was eager to learn military knowledge while pondering the way to save China. In February 1902, he published an article entitled "the army and the people" in the "Xinmin series" founded by Liang Qichao, which expounded his ideas of saving the country and the people. He believes that China's "weak national strength and vitality" are mainly caused by backward education, outdated thinking, weak physique and poor weapons. If we want to change these disadvantages, we must carry out "militarism".
In November 1902, Cai E was admitted to Tokyo army sergeant school. He is an active thinker with outstanding achievements. Together with his classmates Jiang Fangzhen and Zhang Xiaozhun, he is known as the "three heroes of Chinese sergeants". At that time, although he ardently hoped to turn China into the world's first-class power, he had not yet established the revolutionary thought of overthrowing the Qing Dynasty by violence. He still held the ideal of starting with military reform and helping the Qing government get rid of its bad government, so as to achieve the goal of enriching the country and strengthening the army.
Launch an uprising
After graduating in 1904, he returned to China and coached the new army in Hunan, Guangxi, Yunnan and other provinces.
At the beginning of 1904, Cai E graduated from Japanese Sergeant school and returned to China. He has successively applied for the post of supervisor of Jiangxi Suijun school, assistant of Hunan coaching office, general staff officer and general trainer of Guangxi new army, head of Guangxi surveying and mapping school, general office of Guangxi Army Academy, general office of Guangxi Army Academy, etc. Cai E, a young and handsome man with long boots on his feet and a commanding knife on his waist, is commanding and training soldiers every day. He was highly respected by the officers and soldiers for his brilliant explanation, skillful skills and strict requirements. He was praised as "Lu Bu among men and red rabbit among horses". Soon after, Li Jingxi, governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, hired him to serve as a military officer in Yunnan.
At that time, Yunnan, like the whole country, had sharp national and class contradictions, and a democratic revolutionary movement aimed at overthrowing the Qing Dynasty was brewing. A large number of members of the alliance and young military officers with radical ideas returned from Japan were distributed in the Yunnan army lecture hall and the 19th town of the new army. They actively planned and organized the anti Qing revolutionary struggle. Although Cai E did not participate in the alliance, he was influenced by the rising revolutionary situation. He secretly kept in touch with the alliance and offered sympathy and assistance to the activities of the revolutionary party. He assured members of the alliance that "absolute sympathy and support" would be given in the event of a revolution
In 1911 (the third year of Xuantong), he was transferred to Yunnan as the 37th union of the 19th town of the new army. After taking office as the governor of Yunnan, Cai E actively renewed his personnel, eliminated his bad policies, rectified his finance, reduced his army, set up education, and developed industry, which made Yunnan present a vigorous scene.
On October 30, 1911 (the ninth day of the ninth lunar month), he led the new army in Kunming in response to the Wuchang Uprising with Li Gengen, a member of the revolutionary party, and CAI was promoted as the interim commander in chief of the revolution. Xuan established the Yunnan military government and served as the governor. Cai E arrived in Kunming in February 1911, the third year of Xuantong. The Wuchang Uprising took place on the fifth day of the ninth lunar month. On the third day after the news of the success of the uprising spread to Yunnan, Cai Mi gathered his comrades Liu Yunfeng, Liu Cunhou, Tang Jiyao, Han Fenglou, Shen Wangdu, Yin Chengyu, Lei Biao and Huang Yongshe to respond to the plan. They were scheduled to launch on the 12th, with CAI as the commander in chief and the new army as the backbone. On the ninth day of the lunar new year, Xiong Fanyu and Liu Xianye, the chief copywriters of the Yunnan Guizhou governor's office, informed Li Jingxi and Zhong Lintong of the instability of the new army. After consultation, Li and Zhong planned to order the dissolution of the new army to put an end to the chaos. On the night of October 30 (the ninth day of the ninth month of the ninth lunar month), Cai E and others knew that the situation was urgent and critical, so they made an appointment with Li Gengen to lead the students of Jiangwu hall to attack the city from the northwest. Cai himself led a part of the thirty seventh association to attack the southeast gate. At noon the next day, the rebel army successfully occupied the governor's office of Yunnan and Guizhou. As October 30 is the ninth Double Ninth Festival of the ninth lunar month, it is also known as the "Double Ninth uprising".
On November 1, the Greater China Yunnan military governor's office was established, and Cai E was elected governor. A few days later, all the governments, prefectures and counties in Yunnan made decisions, and the whole province was restored. The feudal rule of the Qing government in Yunnan was completely overthrown. During his tenure as governor of Yunnan, Cai E vigorously promoted the new deal, developed the economy and improved people's livelihood. He was deeply loved by the military and the people, and made the idea of democracy and Republic deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. He always adhered to the principled stand of national unity and national unity on the changeable political stage.
Cai E goes to Beijing
In October 1913, he was transferred to Beijing by Yuan Shikai to win over and monitor him. Cai E was appointed as the supervisor of the national economic and Trade Bureau. On the one hand, he led the work of the economic and Trade Bureau, on the other hand, he was still enthusiastic about military academic activities. He organized a military research association with 11 people including Jiang Fangzhen and Yan Xishan to study various military academic issues in depth. In the meantime, he kept writing to Yuan Shikai, offering suggestions and suggestions for national defense construction and army construction, and pouring out his strong desire to build a strong armed force. However, Yuan Shikai, who was ambitious, not only ignored Cai E's eagerness to reform the military, but also went against Cai E's will and madly carried out military dictatorship and restoration of monarchy.
Since Yuan Shikai became the provisional president of the Republic of China in 1912, his political ambition has not expanded. He cruelly suppressed the bourgeois revolutionaries, attacked the democratic and Republican forces, tampered with the constitution, destroyed the responsibility cabinet system, strengthened the centralized rule, and made a rapid progress towards the restoration of the monarchy.
At first, Cai E had illusions about Yuan Shikai, believing that he was "brilliant and ambitious, and that the masses expected him to return.". However, on May 25, 1915, Yuan Shikai secretly signed the treacherous "twenty one articles" with Japanese imperialism, which deeply hurt Cai E and made him see Yuan Shikai's reactionary face clearly. In August, under Yuan Shikai's instruction, a "Security Council" appeared in Beijing under the banner of "security of one country", openly creating public opinion for the restoration of the monarchy. Then, all kinds of "federations" and "petition groups" appeared one after another to sing praises for the monarchy. In December, Yuan Shikai completed the preparations for the restoration of the monarchy. On the 12th, he announced his acceptance of the throne and ordered the abolition of the Republic of China and the change of the year of Hongxian.
Protect the country and pursue yuan
Yuan Shikai's restoration of the monarchy made Cai E extremely angry. He was determined to "fight for the personality of 40000 people" by force. On the surface, he pretended not to care about politics. He often went to Beijing's eight alleys to hang out with the famous prostitute little Impatiens to deceive Yuan Shikai, but secretly went to Tianjin many times to discuss yuan's plan with his teacher Liang Qichao, and initially drew up a strategic plan to launch an armed uprising in Yunnan. The contents are as follows: "Yunnan became independent after Yuan's order to become emperor, Guizhou responded one month later, Guangxi responded two months later, and then went to Sichuan with the strength of Yunnan and Guizhou, and Guangdong with the strength of Guangxi. In about three or four months, Yunnan can join Hubei and settle the Central Plains.". This is a bold strategic concept which is in line with the objective reality at that time.
In November 1915, Tsai e secretly left Beijing for Tianjin, went eastward to Japan in the name of medical treatment, and then arrived in Kunming on December 19 through Taiwan, Hong Kong and Vietnam. In the Yunnan army, where the Democratic revolutionaries gathered, the middle and lower rank officers have been active since the establishment of the "preparation and security association" in mid August,
Chinese PinYin : Cai E
Cai E
