Zhang Zhidong

Zhang Zhidong

Zhang Zhidong

(September 2, 1837 - October 4, 1909)

Xiaoda

, No

Xiangtao

At that time, it was called "Shuai" by the governor“

Zhang Xiangshuai

”。 He was born in Xingyi prefecture (now Anlong county), Guizhou Province. In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), at the age of 16, shuntianfu Jieyuan was born. In the second year of tongzhi (1863), at the age of 27, Tanhua was the third Jinshi. He was the editor of Hanlin Academy. He has successively held the posts of teaching, reading, speaking, Bachelor of cabinet, governor of Shanxi, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, governor of Huguang, governor of Liangjiang (acting for many times, but never actually teaching), Minister of military aircraft, etc.

Zhang Zhidong was the leader of the Qing Dynasty school in his early years, and later became the main representative of the Westernization school. In education, he founded Ziqiang school (the predecessor of today's Wuhan University), Sanjiang normal school (the predecessor of today's Nanjing University), Hubei agricultural school, Hubei Wuchang Mongolian nursing school, Hubei technology school, Ci'en school (Nanpi County No.1 Middle School), Guangya academy, etc. Politically, it advocates that "middle school is the body and Western learning is the use". In industry, Hanyang Iron Works, Daye Iron Mine and Hubei gun works were founded. Zhang Zhidong, together with Liu Kunyi, governor of Liangjiang, and consuls of other countries in Shanghai, negotiated "southeast mutual protection" and suppressed the uprising of the independent forces of the Weixin faction, such as Tang Caichang, LIN Gui and Qin Lishan. In November 1908, Zhang Zhidong was appointed to serve as an important official of Jin Taizi and Taibao. He died of illness the following year and was posthumous

Wen Xiang

. There is a complete collection of Zhang wenxianggong. Zhang Zhidong, together with Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtang, is known as "the four famous ministers of the late Qing Dynasty's resurgence".

Life of the characters

Early experience

In September of 1837, Zhang Zhidong was born in the official house of Xingyi government, the fourth son of Zhang Kai. Zhang Zhidong was gifted with intelligence in his childhood. At the age of five, he entered a family school. As a child, Zhang Zhidong studied hard, had quick thinking, and received strict Confucian education. He has learned from several teachers, including Ding Shengxian and Han Chao. Ding Shengxian was a Jinshi in the 18th year of Daoguang (1838) and an official in the Imperial Academy. Han Chao was the governor of Guizhou. Before the age of 13, he had studied four books and five classics and other Confucian classics, and also studied history, primary school (Philology), literature and economics. He also taught himself many famous military works such as Sun Tzu's art of war and six Taos, which laid a preliminary foundation for his political and academic career in the future. At the age of 12, he published a collection of poems and essays entitled twelve years old grass in Tianxiang Pavilion. Zhang Zhidong, a young man, has the habit of reading at night and meditating in silence. "When you taste the bonfire and think, you must get the solution every night.". He recalled: "after serving the official documents, they often reached Dan, because they liked to sit at night and read books when they were young." This habit of working at night was once referred to as "living without restraint", which affected the meeting with staff.

In 1850, Zhang Zhidong, who was under 14 years old, returned to Nanpi County, where he was born. He won the first prize in the examination and entered the county school. Two years later, he won the first place in the shuntianfu rural examination and was qualified to take part in the examination. At that time, Zhang Zhidong's academic strength meant that he should be able to achieve success at one go, get a gold medal as soon as possible, and become a scholar. However, he didn't get a gold medal until he was 27 years old. In the past 11 years, he spent a few years helping his father with military affairs, coping with the Guizhou Miao people's uprising, getting married and having children, and managing his father's funeral. When he was 23 years old, he would take the exam. Because his elder brother Zhang Zhiwan was the same examiner, he avoided the exam. In the second year, he failed in the Enke examination for the same reason.

In the second year of tongzhi (1863), he got his wish and became the third Jinshi in the Imperial Academy. He was awarded the title of seven grade editor and became a member of the bureaucratic class. Tongzhi three years (1864) to participate in the examination, palace examination, a third, awarded the Academy editor.

Tongzhi five years (1866), second-class exam. Later, he served as deputy examiners of Zhejiang provincial examination, Hubei Xuezheng, Sichuan provincial examination and Sichuan Xuezheng. When Zhang Zhidong was a student in Hubei Province, he reorganized the style of study, established the Jingxin academy, promoted and rewarded people with real talents and practical learning, which was very popular. When he was a scholar in Sichuan, he established Zunjing Academy in Chengdu with Wu Tang, governor of Sichuan Province. He invited famous Confucians to teach in different subjects. He followed Ruan Yuan's example in Hangzhou Gujing jingshe and Guangzhou Xuehai hall. He also wrote two books, Fuxuan language and bibliographic questions, to teach scholars what to read, how to learn and cultivate their moral character.

Qingliu leader

< sub > main data: < / sub > < sub > schools of late Qing Dynasty

In 1876, Zhang Zhidong was appointed manager of Wenyuan Pavilion. In 1879, Zhang Guangxu was appointed as the governor of the state. In the same year, because Russia occupied Yili in Xinjiang, the Qing government sent Wanyan Chonghou, the censor of zuodou, to Russia to negotiate for the return of Yili. Chonghou, fatuous and ignorant, signed the Treaty of rivajia with Russia. The treaty nominally took back ILI, but the western and southern borders were slaughtered by Tsarist Russia, and Ili was in a dangerous situation surrounded by Russia. When the news came, there was a great uproar of public opinion. According to Zhang Zhidong's "book on the interests of the Treaty of ripe power Russia" and "book on the negotiation of Ili affairs", this paper analyzes that there are ten prohibitions in the Treaty of ripe power Russia. It insists that the treaty must be changed, that the military equipment should be repaired, that the treaty should be postponed, and that the crime of advocating thick should be treated. After Shangzhe, she was summoned by Empress Dowager Cixi and Empress Dowager Ci'an and authorized to go to the premier's Yamen for consultation at any time. He, together with Zhang Peilun and Chen Baochen, drafted 19 memorials, and put forward positive suggestions on raising troops, raising salaries, and preparing for border defense. At that time, Zhang Zhidong, Baoting, Zhang Peilun and Huang tifang were called Hanlin four remonstrations, and they were called Qing school. They supported Li Hongzao, the military aircraft minister and bachelor, as the leader. In fact, Zhang Zhidong was the leader of the Qing Dynasty. In the negotiation between China and Russia, Zhang Zhidong's political reputation increased and was appreciated by Empress Dowager Cixi. Guangxu six years (1880) granted the Imperial Academy to read, calendar moved to zuochunfang zuoshu son, daily life notes official. He was promoted to cabinet bachelor next year. He was also the governor of Shanxi Province.

From 1881 to 1884, Zhang Zhidong was the governor of Shanxi Province. At that time, the officials in Shanxi were corrupt, the people lived in hardship, and the opium was poisonous. Zhang Zhidong wrote to his friend: "Shanxi's officialdom is extremely chaotic, the knowledge and experience are extremely poor, the talents of writing and military cases are extremely scarce, and there are many things to be done in the emergency of civil affairs and military affairs. It's not a place of pure inaction. " "The disaster of Jin Dynasty lies not in disaster but in smoke. There are three kinds of hobbies: ten in four townships and six in cities, and ten in officials and soldiers. Everyone is barren, every family rises. It's like a ghost country. How can we keep our spirits up and do something about it? We're going to lose our country Zhang Zhidong paid attention to rectifying the administration of officials. As soon as he took office, he frequently examined the officials' affiliations, rallied himself to reform the malpractices, impeached the county officials who were corrupt and harmful to the people, rewarded the good officials, prohibited opium, recruited talents, trained the army, and checked the warehouses. Shanxi's railway transportation was sold to Fengtian, Shanghai and other places, and the cost of land transportation was very high. He went to sea from Tianjin instead, reduced the freight by sea, and set up a smelting Bureau in the place of origin. He founded the Lingde hall, which was also modeled on the rules of Ruan Yuan's Gujing jingshe and Xuehai hall. He hired Wang Xuan as the lecturer and Yang Shenxiu as the assistant school and supervisor. Yang Shenxiu later became one of the Six Gentlemen in 1898.

Fighting against the French Army

< sub > master data: < / sub > < sub > Sino French war < / sub > < sub >, < / sub > < sub > zhennanguan great victory

British missionary Timothy Lee preached in Shanxi Province, published pamphlets such as "saving time" and held exhibitions and operation performances of instruments, lathes, sewing machines and bicycles. Zhang Zhidong met with Timothy Li and read his book. Under his influence, he planned to set up a Westernization Bureau, but it was not realized.

In 1883, when the Sino French war broke out, he was appointed governor of Guangdong and Guangxi for fighting. In 1884, France was rampant in Vietnam, and the frontier was in crisis. Zhang Zhidong suggested that we should strictly supervise the war between Yunnan and Guangxi, and urgently build the defense of Tianjin and Guangzhou. In April, the Qing court summoned Zhang Zhidong and Feng Yongjin. Zhang Zhidong made many plans for Chen's resistance to the law.

After Zhang Zhidong arrived in Guangzhou, he strengthened his defense, ordered the coastal governors and defended them closely. In June, when the French invaders occupied Keelung, Taiwan, China, Zhang Zhidong invited Tang Jingsong, the head of the Ministry of justice, to meet Liu Yongfu and attack the French army. He said: "the only way to help Taiwan is to be more urgent. Please strive for more to boost the overall situation. He also said that it was the best policy to lead the enemy to fight against Vietnam, and to use Liu as a real aid. " The Qing government adopted Zhang Zhidong's suggestion and appointed Liu Yongfu as the governor. Liu Yongfu led the black flag army, who was brave and good at fighting. However, Xu YanXu, the political emissary of Guangxi, and Tang Yu, the political emissary of Yunnan, led their troops in the war of resistance against France and lost the battle. Tang Yu's army fled, making the black flag army outnumbered and defeated. Tang and Xu were dismissed for investigation, and Zhang Zhidong referred Xu YanXu to the Ministry for investigation.

In the first month of the 11th year of Guangxu (1885), the French army occupied zhennanguan (today's friendship pass), an important town on the border between China and Vietnam. Zhang Zhidong invited former Guangxi governor Feng Zicai and chief soldier Wang Xiaoqi to assist Guangxi and stay in zhennanguan. Feng Zicai, a 70 year old veteran, led the army to fight to the death, defeated the French army and turned the whole war around. So the cabinet of France's ruvary fell. However, the Qing government decided to take advantage of the victory to seek peace and ordered the front-line troops to stop fighting and withdraw. On hearing the news, the front-line officers and men "all choked their wrists with indignation and pain.". Zhang Zhidong continued to withdraw his troops on a suspended basis, but was reprimanded by Li Hongzhang.

Set up Westernization

< sub > master data: < / sub > < sub > Westernization Movement < / sub > < sub >, < / sub > < sub > layout of Hubei Textile Industry

Guangxu 12

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Zhi Dong