Song Jiaoren

Song Jiaoren

Song Jiaoren (April 5, 1882 - March 22, 1913) was born in xiangchong, Shangfang village, xianrui Township, Taoyuan County, Changde City, Hunan Province. As one of the pioneers of modern Chinese revolution, he was called "one of the founders of Chinese constitutionalism".

He was born in Changde, Hunan Province in 1882. In February 1904, Huaxing society was founded in Changsha with Song Jiaoren as its vice president. In the same year, because of the failure of Changsha uprising, he went to Japan to study western politics in Tokyo University of law and politics. In 1905, he joined the Chinese League and served as the Prosecutor General of the Ministry of justice. On October 11, 1911, the Hubei military government was established in Wuchang. Song Jiaoren devoted himself to building a democratic and republican regime and vigorously publicized the revolutionary purpose. In 1912, the Republic of China was founded, and Song Jiaoren was appointed president of the Legislative Yuan. In August 1912, the Chinese Alliance was reorganized into the Kuomintang. Song Jiaoren made speeches everywhere to win a majority of seats for the Kuomintang. In February 1913, the parliamentary election was drawing to a close, and the Kuomintang won a major victory. On March 20, 1913, Song Jiaoren was assassinated at Shanghai railway station, and died at 4:48 a.m. on March 22, at the age of 31.

(general drawing reference)

Life of the characters

Early experience

In 1882, Song Jiaoren was born in Taoyuan, Changde, Hunan Province. In 1888, six-year-old Song Jiaoren entered a private school. In 1899, Song Jiaoren entered Zhangjiang Academy in Taoyuan.

Guangxu 27 years (1901), Song Jiaoren examination scholar. In the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), Song Jiaoren went to Wuchang to apply for the general secondary school of American Anglican Wenhua College (now central China Normal University), and was ranked first. The next year, when he was in school, the revolutionary group organized by Wu Luzhen and others gathered in Huayuan mountain of Wuchang, which attracted him and often discussed current affairs with his classmates.

Take part in the revolution

In August 1903, Song Jiaoren met Huang Xing and became a close friend. At the same time, because he was not under the rule of the Qing government, he began to incline to revolution. On November 4, together with Huang Xing, Liu Kuiyi, Chen Tianhua and Zhang Shizhao, they decided to set up Huaxing Association.

On February 25th, 1904, Huaxing society was established in Xiyuan of Changsha with the purpose of "expelling Tartars and restoring China". Huang Xing was elected as president and Song Jiaoren as vice president. In July, it launched the establishment of "science tutorial center" in Wuchang. In November, it planned to revolt against the Qing government in Changsha, but the incident failed. Song Jiaoren went to Japan and arrived in Japan on December 13th.

* * Guangxu thirty-one (1905) June, founded the revolutionary magazine "the twentieth Century", and joined the Japanese law and Political University. During his stay in Japan, he was particularly interested in the capitalist social system and extensively read books on Western capitalist political theory and social system. He also translated various manuscripts, such as the constitution of Japan, the revolution of Russia, an overview of the British system, a brief history of the Congress of the Socialist Party of all nations, the police system of various countries, a chronology of world history, an overview of the Russian system, an overview of the systems of Australia and Hungary, the financial systems of Belgium, Australia and Hungary, and an outline of the American system, etc. From these translation works, Song Jiaoren systematically grasped the theoretical knowledge and had a profound understanding of the political, economic and legal systems of the important countries in the world at that time. In August, he supported Sun Zhongshan's establishment of the China Alliance in Tokyo, Japan, and joined the Ministry of justice as chief prosecutor. At the same time, he changed the "Twentieth Century China" into the official newspaper of the China League * * "Min Bao".

In 1906, Song Jiaoren returned to China and tried to establish anti Qing political forces in the three eastern provinces, but he soon went to Japan again. During this period, according to his detective results, he compiled the book "Jiandao problem", which provided strong evidence for the Qing government to protect Tumen Jiangjian island area in the future.

In 1907, Huang Xing went to Annam to recommend Song Jiaoren to act for the general affairs of the alliance. From then on, Song Jiaoren took charge of the daily work of the alliance and participated in all confidential affairs.

At the end of the second year of Xuantong (1910), Song Jiaoren returned to Shanghai from Japan and became the main writer of Minli daily. He wrote a lot of articles about the revolution under the pseudonym of "Fisherman".

In 1911, Song Jiaoren went to Hong Kong to prepare for the Guangzhou Uprising. In July, Song Jiaoren, Tan Renfeng and Chen Qimei set up the central general assembly of the Chinese League in Shanghai, where they served as general affairs officers. On October 10, Wuchang Uprising broke out. On October 28, Song Jiaoren and Huang Xing arrived in Wuchang to participate in the legal work of the revolutionary government and the drafting of the draft of Ezhou provisional treaty. On November 13, they left Wuchang for Shanghai and arrived in Nanjing in early December.

In the first year of the Republic of China (1912), the Republic of China was founded in Nanjing on January 1. Song Jiaoren was appointed president of the Legislative Yuan and drafted the constitution draft of the organic law of the provisional government of the Republic of China. On April 27, he became the chief minister of Agriculture and forestry in Tang Shaoyi's cabinet. In July, he resigned as the chief minister of agriculture and forestry because he was dissatisfied with Yuan Shikai's destruction of the provisional treaty. On July 21, he was elected director of the general affairs department of the alliance On August 25, the KMT was established and elected as its director, and was appointed as its acting chairman by Sun Yat Sen.

Promoting Constitutionalism

On February 13, 1913, Song Jiaoren left Hankou and went down the Yangtze River. On February 15, he arrived in Shanghai and stayed at Huang Xing's home at 21 Tongfu road. When the KMT won the election and was expected to organize a responsible cabinet, Sun Yat Sen did not hold direct consultations with Song Jiaoren on relevant issues. Instead, after a confidential consultation with Yuan Shikai's central government, Sun Yat Sen went to Japan on February 10 for a less urgent inspection visit by taking Yamaguchi Maru. On February 19, Song Jiaoren delivered a speech at the KMT's Shanghai Ministry of communications, explicitly leaving Sun Yat Sen's invention aside "To discuss the constitution, how to distribute the executive, legislative, and judicial powers, and how to stipulate the relationship between the central and local governments and the limits of authority, we should all follow the principle of law, according to the facts, and study with great care.". After that, he once again denied Yuan Shikai's administration's internal and foreign affairs with fierce words, believing that only the parliamentary party responsibility cabinet organized by the KMT is the "doctor" to cure the "bad government"; in March, the first parliamentary election of the Republic of China basically ended, and the KMT won a major victory under the leadership of Song Jiaoren. Among the 596 members of the house of Representatives, the Kuomintang has 269 seats, the Republican Party has 120 seats, the United Party has 18 seats, the Democratic Party has 16 seats, the cross party has 147 seats, and the non party has 26 seats. Among the 274 members of the Senate, the Kuomintang has 123 seats, the Republican Party 55 seats, the United party 6 seats, the Democratic Party 8 seats, the cross party 38 seats, and the non party 44 seats. The KMT has 392 seats in the 870 seats of the Senate and the house of Representatives. Although it does not have more than half of the seats, the KMT can still manipulate the Senate and the house of representatives with its absolute advantage because the three parties of the Republic, democracy and reunification have only 223 seats. The KMT's election victory further raised Song Jiaoren's political expectations and enthusiasm.

be assassinated

In the general election of the National Congress of the Republic of China, the Kuomintang won a great victory. Song Jiaoren was about to follow the European practice of "cabinet system" and form a cabinet as the leader of the party. On March 20, 1913, Song Jiaoren was assassinated at Shanghai railway station (Old North Station, now Shanghai Railway Museum). The bullet was shot into Song Jiaoren's body from his back, hit his right rib and slanted into his abdomen. The killer shot and escaped. Song Jiaoren was in great pain. Lying on a chair, he pulled Yu Youren's head to his mouth and gasped, "I have a terrible pain and can't get up..." Huang Xing, Yu Youren and Liao Zhongkai, who saw Song Jiaoren off at the railway station, sent him to Shanghai Nanjing railway hospital for emergency treatment. In the hospital, he left a will to Yu Youren, and instructed Huang Xing to write a telegram to Yuan Shikai to tell him about his experience of being shot and his revolutionary career. Finally, he hoped that Yuan Shikai would do his best to protect civil rights, but he was still alive.

After the operation, Song Jiaoren's condition did not improve, with serious bleeding in his stool and urine. On the afternoon of the 21st, Song Jiaoren was sent to the operating room again and died at 4:48 a.m. on the 22nd. He was only 31 years old. After his death, fan Hongxian took photos of Song Jiaoren's body.

Main impact

Political achievements

First, in the struggle against feudal autocracy at the beginning of the Republic of China, Song Jiaoren strongly advocated the party cabinet system, which had certain political efficiency. At that time, Sun Yat Sen and Song Jiaoren had different ways and strategies on how to treat Yuan Shikai. When Sun Yat Sen abdicated, in order to restrict Yuan Shikai, he added three measures and conditions to his address to the provisional president. In this way, Sun Yat Sen is the representative of those who advocate "methods and conditions"; Song Jiaoren is the representative of those who advocate the real party cabinet system.

In view of Sun Yat Sen's "measures and conditions", the result of the contest between the South and the North was that the Provisional Senate allowed Yuan Shikai to take office in Beijing and the provisional government moved north. Although Tang Shaoyi's cabinet was established in accordance with the provisional constitution of the Republic of China, it was dissolved after less than three months under the coercion of Yuan Shikai. Since then, Lu Zhengxiang's cabinet and Zhao Bingjun's cabinet were controlled by Yuan Shikai's forces, and they could not bear the responsibility of the responsible cabinet. Thus, Sun Yat Sen's "method conditions" failed to further restrict Yuan Shikai. Comparatively speaking, Song Jiaoren advocated party cabinet system and tried to put it into practice

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