Han Wenhou

Han Wenhou

Korean Hou Mingyou? (377 BC) son of Han liehou. In the second year of Han Wenhou (385 BC), he attacked Zheng State and occupied Yangcheng (now Southeast of Dengfeng, Henan Province). He also attacked the state of song and captured the king of song by attacking Pengcheng (now Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province). In the seventh year, he attacked the state of Qi and hit sangqiu (Jinan, Shandong). Ten years later, Han Wenhou died and ziai Hou ascended the throne.

Life of the characters

In 386 BC, Han liehou died and his son Han Wenhou ascended the throne.

In the second year of hanwenhou (385 BC), South Korea gradually became powerful and began to expand. This year, South Korea invaded Zheng State and captured its Yangcheng (now Southeast of Dengfeng, Henan Province). Due to the invasion of Chu, Wei and South Korea, Zheng lost most of its territory.

In the second year of hanwenhou (385 BC), South Korea launched another attack on the state of song until Pengcheng, the capital of the state of song, was captured.

In the seventh year of Han Wenhou (380 BC), he attacked Qi and hit sangqiu (Jinan, Shandong).

In the 10th year of hanwenhou (377 BC), hanwenhou died and his son hanaihou ascended the throne.

Political views

During the period of Han Wenhou, the politics of South Korea was chaotic, the laws and decrees were inconsistent, and the officials and people were at a loss. Han Wenhou carried out reform. He continued to use Yan Sui's autocratic monarchy, which advocated centralization of power, and advocated governing the country with "skill". Shen Buhui's "Shu" mainly refers to the method of appointing, supervising and assessing the subordinates. "Those who are skilled in art teach officials according to their responsibilities, take responsibility according to their names, exercise the power of killing animals, and teach the ability of kings and ministers." (Han Feizi · Dingfa)

When a monarch appoints officials, he should examine whether they are worthy of the name, whether they are competent in their work, whether they are consistent in their words and deeds, and whether they are loyal to the monarch. According to the results of the investigation, he should reward and punish them, promote the loyal and reliable officials, and demote the crafty and treacherous ones. It's better to use secret tactics, pretend not to listen, look or know on the surface, so that the subordinates can't understand the real intention of the monarch, but actually they can hear everything, see everything and know everything. In this way, they can "see" and "listen" independently, thus "dictatorial".

During the period of Han Wenhou, Yan Sui's reform achieved certain results, which was known as "Shen not harming the Prime Minister of Korea, cultivating skills and practicing Taoism, ruling the country by the rule of the country, and the princes did not invade Korea"; "finally Shen Zi, ruling the country and strengthening the army, and no invaders" (historical records · biography of Laozi Hanfei). It should be pointed out that Shen Buhui's reform has great limitations, and the effect is far less than that of Wei, Qin and other countries.

In the Han Wenhou period, South Korea was in the present Henan area. There is such a record in historical records: "before Han, he had the same surname as Zhou, surnamed Ji. After that, the Miao people were granted the title of Han Yuan in the Jin Dynasty, saying, "Han Wuzi." In other words, the Korean ancestors were originally sealed in the place of "Hanyuan". To Han Jue, he was listed as one of the six ministers of the state of Jin, that is, "Jin was the six ministers, while Han Jue was the first minister, and he was named Xianzi.".

Xuanzi, the son of Xianzi, moved to Quanzhou. Xuanzi and Zhenzi moved to Pingyang. As for "Zheng", at first it was not the territory of South Korea, but another vassal state, Zheng. "Records of the historian" records that "in the first year of the reign of marquis AI, the state of Jin was divided with Zhao and Wei. In the second year, he destroyed Zheng and moved his capital to Zheng. " We know that the mark of the division between the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period is the division of Jin among Han, Wei and Zhao. Therefore, the capital of South Korea during the Warring States period should be Zheng. Historical records records records the territory of Han in the period of Han Wenhou: "in the ninth year, the Qin Dynasty captured Wang'an (the last king of Han) and made his way to Yingzhou county." The above information shows that the territory of South Korea should be to the south of the Yellow River, so it does not include Hebei. It is on the shore of Yingshui River, so it is within the boundary of Henan, between Zhengzhou and Luoyang, bordering Shanxi in the northwest, but the Huaihe River in the South (it was Chu at that time).

economic development

During the Han Wenhou period, Korean commerce was also very developed, mainly reflected in the active merchants, the prosperity of the city and the circulation of money.

Expand the scope

Korean merchants trafficked among countries, expanding the scope of commodity exchange. Local specialties such as horses in the north, fish in the south, salt in the East and leather in the west can be bought in the Central Plains market. Big businessmen became more active, such as Bai Gui, a big businessman, who made a lot of money by means of "abandoning others and taking them from others". Yidun, a salt merchant in Hedong, and Guo Zong, an iron smelter, were the richest in the world. They made friends with the princes and intervened in politics. LV Buwei, the great Jia of Yangzhai, was involved in politics by selling the cheap and the expensive.

Developed cities

During the Han Wenhou period, the prosperity of the city was an important manifestation of commercial development. During the Warring States period, there were many large cities with developed industry and commerce, hanzhiyangzhai (now Yuxian County, Henan Province).

Metal currency

During Han Wenhou period, with the development of Commerce and the prosperity of the city, the circulation of metal currency became more extensive. At that time, there were two kinds of metal currency: copper coin and gold coin. There were four kinds of copper coin: Sword coin was used in Yan and Qi, Yuan coin was used in Zhou and Qin, cloth coin was used in San Jin, ant nose coin was used in Chu, gold coin was generally measured by Jin (16 Liang) and Yi (20 Liang), cake gold and Yi yuan. It is an important manifestation of the development of commodity economy that metal currency enters the field of commodity circulation.

Handicraft industry development

1. Cottage industry combined with agriculture. With the collapse of the well field system, the small-scale peasant economy became the basis of the feudal mode of production.

2. Individual handicraft industry. They are distributed in various industries, such as carpenter, leather worker, shoe worker, Potter, lacquerer, etc. their products are mostly produced and sold by themselves.

3. Private handicraft industry. It refers to the large-scale handicraft industry operated by "Haomin". For example, Yidun in the state of Lu operated the salt cooking industry, Zhuo in the state of Zhao and Kong in the state of Wei operated the iron smelting industry. Their workers were mainly dependent on farmers, employees and slaves. The private handicraft industry had to pay taxes to the state, and individual big handicraft owners accumulated a lot of wealth, which was richer than the royal family.

4. State owned handicraft industry. They are usually large-scale, and are controlled by special officials set up by the government. Their producers are slaves, criminals and employees. Their products are mainly weapons, ritual weapons and luxury goods, which are mainly used to meet the needs of rulers.

Agricultural innovation

In Korea during Han Wenhou period, iron farming tools were widely used in agricultural production, and iron farming was very common. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the iron farming tools found in archaeology mainly include: Iron share, spade, hoe, sickle, etc. The popularization and use of iron farming tools is conducive to the reclamation of a large number of wasteland and the improvement of farming efficiency. During the Han Wenhou period, cattle farming was more common in the Warring States period. The combination of iron tools and energy storage provided conditions for deep ploughing and fine farming. "Han Feizi waichu Shuo Shang" said: "the tiller is deep, and the tiller is skilled.". If there is no animal power and iron farming tools, deep ploughing is impossible.

Farmers in the long-term farming practice, production experience is more rich, they have been able to understand and distinguish the soil from the color, nature and fertility of the soil, farming according to local conditions, farmers have attached great importance to the fertilization of the land, "cover the surface mu, thorn grass to grow grain, fecal fertilizer field, is the common thing of farmers."

In Han Wenhou period, improving soil by fertilization was an important factor to improve agricultural yield. With the improvement of farm tools and the progress of farming techniques, the yield per unit area of grain has been greatly increased. In some places, the system of two crops per year has been popularized. "Xunzi Fuguo" says, "today is the birth of soil, and five grains are also produced. If people are good at governing it, they can count pots per mu and get it again at the age of one year." In a word, the agricultural production in the Warring States period developed rapidly, and the level of production was improved fundamentally.

Historical records

Sima Qian's historical records

Sima Guang's Zi Zhi Tong Jian

Chinese PinYin : Han Wen Hou