Liang Qichao

Liang Qichao

Liang Qichao (February 23, 1873 - January 19, 1929) was named Zhuo Ru, Renfu, rengong, Bingzi, aishike, Xinmin of China and master of freedom studio. During the reign of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty, Ju Ren was a modern Chinese thinker, politician, educator, historian and writer, one of the leaders of the hundred days reform movement, and a representative of the modern Chinese reformers and new Legalists. He studied as a teacher when he was young. He learned to write at the age of eight. He could write thousands of words at the age of nine. He was elected at the age of 17. After learning from Kang Youwei, he became a propagandist of the bourgeois reformists. Before the reform, he joined with Kang Youwei to launch the campaign of "Gongche Shangshu". After that, he successively led the strong societies in Beijing and Shanghai. He also ran the current affairs newspaper with Huang Zunxian, served as the lecturer of Changsha current affairs school, and published the general proposal on reform to promote the reform.

After the failure of the reform movement of 1898, he went into exile with Kang Youwei in Japan, and gradually became conservative in political thought, but he was the theoretical advocate of the modern literary revolution. After fleeing to Japan, Liang Qichao continued to promote the "poetic revolution" in "ice room collection" and "travels to Hawaii", criticizing the previous practice of using new terms to express new ideas in poetry. Promoting constitutional monarchy overseas. After the revolution of 1911, he once joined Yuan Shikai's government and served as the chief justice; later, he severely criticized Yuan Shikai's claim to emperor and Zhang Xun's restoration, and joined Duan Qirui's government. He advocated the new culture movement and supported the May 4th movement. His works were compiled as the collection of ice drinking room.

Liang Qichao died in Peking Union Medical College Hospital on January 19, 1929, at the age of 56.

Life of the characters

Early years

Liang Qichao was born on February 23, 1873, in chakeng village, Xinhui, Guangdong Province. His grandfather Liang Weiqing and father Liang BAOYING had participated in rural administration as gentry, and had certain influence and influence in the local area. Liang Qichao studied at home when he was four years old. He was literate with his grandfather. In his early years of enlightenment education, Liang Qichao not only learned a lot of traditional knowledge of literature and history, but also heard many tragic and passionate patriotic stories. His grandfather often told him about the "national calamity of the Song Dynasty and Ming Dynasty" and recited exciting poems. This kind of extracurricular education with patriotic emotion and ideological tendency has an important influence on Liang Qichao. The outstanding personages of past dynasties are deeply rooted in his young mind for their concern for the country and the people, for their character of sacrificing life and forgetting death, and for their indomitable spirit.

In the Qing Dynasty, since the Qianlong and Jiaqing dynasties, the way out for intellectuals has become more and more narrow. Only through the imperial examination, learning and becoming an official, can they be regarded as the "right way", and there are few opportunities to obtain fame by other means. This forced many young students to devote all their energy to reading four books and five classics and writing eight part essays, hoping to climb the steps of the imperial examination step by step and gain fame and wealth. Liang Qichao came along this road in his youth. In 1882, when Liang Qichao was only 10 years old, he went to Guangzhou for the boy test, but failed. Two years later, he went to Guangzhou to take an exam. He was a scholar in middle school and a student of doctor. It's really a great event for the Liang family to be a young man. The father expected his son to learn to be an official and honor his ancestors, so he was very strict with him. At this time, Liang Qichao was like a frog at the bottom of the well. "I don't know that there is a more so-called" learning "between heaven and earth. He devoted himself to studying eight part essay all day long.

In 1885, Liang Qichao went to Guangzhou Xuehai hall to study. Xuehaitang was run by Ruan Yuan, the former governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and "is the place where the provincial capital specially administers Confucian classics.". Liang Qichao studied Sinology here. Duan Yucai, Wang Niansun, Wang Yinzhi and his son and other sinologists paid attention to textual research, learned from other sources, and studied the academic methods and achievements of ancient books, which made him have a strong interest. In contrast, the eight part essay, which has strict format and content requirements, makes people feel lifeless and boring. During the period of xuehaitang study, Liang Qichao gradually germinated his ambition of abandoning tiekuo.

Inspirational improvement

In 1889, Liang Qichao took part in the provincial examination in Guangzhou, ranking eighth. Li Duanfen, the examiner, appreciated his talent and agreed with his younger sister. At this time, the road ahead of Liang Qichao is a "Golden Road", along which it is possible for him to become an official from a scholar. However, during the reign of Emperor Guangxu, China was being brutally ravaged by imperialism. In the face of the severe situation, Liang Qichao gradually abandoned the past pursuit and embarked on a road full of twists and turns to save the country and the people.

In the spring of 1890, Liang Qichao went to the capital to take part in the examination. When I came back to Shanghai, I saw some Western books translated by Shanghai manufacturing Bureau and a brief introduction to the world geography. These books broadened Liang Qichao's vision, and from then on he became very interested in western politics and culture. In the autumn of the same year, Liang Qichao made friends with Chen Qianqiu and got to know Kang Youwei through Chen Qianqiu. Kang Youwei, who once wrote on cloth and advocated reform, had a great reputation at that time. Liang Qichao admired his original ideas and bold actions so much that he "practiced as a disciple at the sight of big clothes". It was an important turning point in Liang Qichao's life to get to know Kang Youwei. Since then, he quit xuehaitang, abandoned the old school, and entered kangmen. He accepted Kang Youwei's reform ideas and reform theory, and gradually embarked on the road of reform.

In 1891, Liang Qichao, Chen Qianqiu and others invited Kang Youwei to give lectures at WanMu thatched cottage, Changxing school, Guangzhou. Kang Youwei stressed that "against the constant latitude" and created a new road. Its teaching content and teaching methods are different from the traditional rules. "Confucianism, Buddhism and Song Ming School (Lu Wang Xin Xue) as the body, historiography and Western learning as the use.". "We should pay attention to the oppression of the great powers, the general situation of the world, the politics of the Han and Tang Dynasties, and the politics of the two Song dynasties. Every time we talk about a subject, we must go up and down from ancient times to modern times to study its evolution, gain and loss, and draw examples from Europe and the United States for comparison. In addition to listening, students mainly read and write notes by themselves. At that time, when I entered the thatched cottage, I read Gongyang Zhuan and Chunqiu Fanlu at the same time. In addition to reading ancient Chinese books, we should also read many Western books. In addition, each student also has a copy of his or her homework book. If he or she has any questions or experiences in reading, he or she will write them down in the book and submit them every half a month. Then Kang Youwei will answer them one by one. This new and vivid teaching method and the teaching content closely related to the requirements of the times and the destiny of the country made Liang Qichao, who was used to reading scriptures and reciting poems by rote, feel novel and excited. He studied hard and accepted Kang Youwei's thoughts almost without reservation. During this period, he also assisted Kang Youwei in compiling such important works as the examination of new learning and the reform of Confucius system, and became Kang Youwei's excellent disciple and right-hand assistant.

From xuehaitang to wanmucaotang is an important step for Liang Qichao from his study to the society. In his study career in WanMu thatched cottage, Liang Qichao not only understood the general situation of the world and the national crisis, determined to fight for the improvement and rejuvenation of the country, but also greatly expanded his knowledge through extensive reading of Chinese and Western books, which laid a good foundation for him to show his skills in the ideological and public opinion circles in the future.

Propaganda and Reform

In the spring of 1895, Liang Qichao and Kang Youwei entered Beijing to take part in the examination, just as the Qing government signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki with the Japanese aggressors. The news spread and the crowd was indignant. Liang Qichao was ordered by Kang Youwei to "agitate the provinces, and first agitate the public cars in central Guangdong, and refuse the peace talks.". On the 8th of April, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao launched a famous bus petition, and invited more than 1000 people to submit a joint petition to the Qing court, asking for refusing peace, moving the capital and carrying out reform, thus opening the prelude of the reform movement. As an important assistant of Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao not only helped to organize meetings and contact people, but also wrote and transcribed articles and drafted playing notes, playing a prominent role. In June, Kang Youwei founded the world communique in Beijing, which was soon changed into a Chinese and foreign chronicle. Liang Qichao was the main writer of the newspaper. He "wrote short essays of hundreds of words every day" to publicize Western learning, advocate reform, and achieved good results in mobilizing public opinion. "Two months later, the public opinion gradually became clear", and those literati and bureaucrats "were appalled at the beginning, and then gradually realized the benefits of the new law". Liang Qichao also got training in the process of running newspapers and showed his talent. His high enthusiasm and outstanding ability are valued by people. In just a few months, Liang Qichao has become a well-known leader of the reform movement from an ordinary man with little words.

In 1896, Huang Zunxian, Wang Kangnian and others organized the current affairs newspaper in Shanghai, and Liang Qichao was invited to preside over the writing politics. During the period of editor in chief of Shi Wu Bao, he wrote a series of articles, such as general discussion on reform, on the weakness of China due to the prevention of malpractice, and systematically expounded the theory of reform and reform, with novel and sharp comments and popular and fluent words. He pointed out: in order to be strong and prosperous, China must carry out reform, "the law is the public tool of the world; the change is the justice of the world.". Since the earth is open, all countries are steaming and becoming more and more popular. The general situation forces each other and cannot be controlled. Change as well as change, remain unchanged as well. Change and change, change the right to exercise their own, can protect the country, can protect the species, can protect education. It is not my dare to say that those who change without change are given the power of change to be bound, rushed and whimpered by others. " In these articles, Liang Qichao also vigorously introduced western learning and clearly pointed out that in order to reform China's weak and backward situation, we must learn from the political, economic, cultural and educational systems of Western capitalist countries. According to the western bourgeois theory of civil rights and the parliamentary system, he also vigorously advocated the theory of civil rights and bitterly refuted the idea that "only the emperor is appointed."

Chinese PinYin : Liang Qi Chao