Fir
Fir
Abies fabri (scientific name: Abies fabri (mast.) Craib) is an evergreen tree with straight trunk and round branches. The bark is gray or dark gray, split into irregular flakes, fixed on the trunk, and the endodermis is light red; the big branches extend obliquely, the annual branches are light brown yellow, light gray yellow or light brown, there are sparse short hairs or no hairs in the grooves between the leaf pillows, the two or three-year-old branches are light brown gray or brown gray; the winter buds are round or oval, with resin. Cones ovate cylindrical or short cylindrical, base slightly wide, top round or slightly concave, short stemmed, dark black or light blue black when ripe, slightly powdery. The flowering period is may, and the cones mature in October.
Distributed in Europe, Asia, North America, Central America and the northernmost subalpine to alpine zone of Africa. Abies plants occurred in the late Cretaceous. In the tertiary Miocene and Quaternary, the species increased and the distribution area expanded. They were preserved in the glacial and interglacial periods and have multiplied to this day.
Abies has strong shade tolerance and adapts to cool and cold climate. The soil is mainly mountain brown soil and dark brown soil. It often forms pure forest in the shady slope, semi shady slope and valley of subalpine to alpine zone from high latitude to low latitude, or forms coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest or coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest with spruce, larch, hemlock and some pine and broad-leaved trees.
morphological character
Arbor, up to 40 meters high, diameter at breast height up to 1 meter; bark gray or dark gray, split into irregular thin pieces, fixed on the trunk, endodermis light red; branch oblique extension, annual branch light brown yellow, light gray yellow or light brown, there are sparse short hair or no hair in the groove between the leaf pillow, two or three years old branch light brown gray or brown gray; winter bud round or oval, resin. The bark is mostly white gray, longitudinally split, flaking in scales; the difference between heartwood and sapwood is not obvious, the wood is light brown or yellowish brown with red; the texture is straight, slightly uniform, the structure is glossy; the annual ring is obvious, the width is uneven, the wood ray is very fine; the tracheid contains calcium oxalate, which is white dots on the cross section, which is one of the remarkable characteristics. the leaves extend obliquely above the branches, and the leaves below the branches are in two rows, straight or slightly curved, 1.5-3cm in length and 2-2.5mm in width. The edges of the leaves are slightly reversed, or the dry leaves are reversed. The apex is concave or blunt, the top is light green, and the bottom is two pink stomatal bands, each with 9-13 stomatal lines. The two ends of the cross section are blunt and round, and the subcutaneous layer cells below the two ends each have a marginal resin There are one or two layers of subcutaneous cells at the edge of both ends and in the middle of the lower part, and the inner layer is discontinuous in the two layers. cones ovate cylindrical or short cylindrical, base slightly wide, apex rounded or slightly concave, short peduncle, dark black or light blue black when ripe, slightly powdery, 6-11 cm long, 3-4.5 cm in diameter; middle species scales fan-shaped quadrilateral, 1.4-2 cm long, 1.6-2.4 cm wide, upper part wide, margin inflected, lower two sides auricular, base narrow into a short stalk; bract scales slightly exposed, 1.2-1.8 cm long, 1.2-1.8 cm, The seed is oblong in length, longer than or nearly equal to the wing, black brown, cuneate, truncate at the top, 1.3-1.9 cm long with the seed. The flowering period is may, and the cones mature in October.
Growth environment
Abies has strong shade tolerance and adapts to cool and cold climate. The soil is mainly mountain brown soil and dark brown soil. It often forms pure forest in the shady slope, semi shady slope and valley of subalpine to alpine zone from high latitude to low latitude, or forms coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest or coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest with spruce, larch, hemlock and some pine and broad-leaved trees.
Distribution range
It is endemic to China. It grows in the upper mountain of Dadu River Basin (Kangding, Luding, Shimian, Ebian, Emei, puxiong, Yuexi), Qingyi River Basin (Baoxing, Hongya, Tianquan), Wubian River Basin (Hongxi, Mabian), lower reaches of Jinsha River (Leibo, Jinyang), upper reaches of Anning River (Mianning) and Guanxian county (balang mountain). In the area with cool and humid climate, 1500-2000mm annual precipitation, dense clouds, high air humidity, good drainage and rich humus, a large area of pure forest is formed in the area with an altitude of 2000-4000m; in the lower section of Abies faxoniana forest belt in Ebian and Mabian, it is closely related to hemlock, Picea yunnanensis, Picea youmaidiao, Castanopsis platyphylla, Castanopsis sclerophylla, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, bauxitia and Evodia rutaecarpa The mixed forest is composed of coniferous and broad-leaved trees such as Acer palmatum and Acer palmatum. It grows luxuriantly and is the main tree species in the distribution area. It is cultivated in Lushan, Jiangxi Province. Type specimens are collected from Mount Emei, Sichuan.
cultivation techniques
During the seedling growth period, a small amount of dilute fertilizer and water mainly composed of nitrogen fertilizer can be applied. In the late growth period, more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can be applied to promote lignification, which is conducive to overwintering. In winter, attention should be paid to cold prevention. In the process of seedling raising, Abies should be transplanted or root broken every 3-4 years to promote root development. The growth of Abies faxoniana is slow during the seedling period, so it is necessary to bring more native soil when transplanting, and strengthen the tending management after transplanting. The growth of Abies faxoniana is gradually accelerated after 4 years of seedling age.
Seed collection and storage
When the fruit is ripe in October, the fruit scales will be cracked by exposure to the sun. The seeds will be dried in the sun after they come out and the impurities will be removed. There are 40000-50000 seeds per kilogram, and the germination rate is generally 5-15%. After air separation, put them into bags and store them in a ventilated and dry place. The places, walls and sacks where the seeds are piled up shall be disinfected.
Sowing and propagation
The acid soil with cool shade, deep soil layer and good drainage was selected for the nursery. Before sowing, the soil should be carefully prepared and sufficient base fertilizer should be applied. The seeds should be sown when the average temperature rises to above 7 ℃ in spring. The seeds should be soaked in warm water for 6 hours one month before sowing, and the sowing amount per mu is 40 kg. From March to April in spring, the seeds should be sown by drilling or broadcasting, and then covered with soil, and covered with plastic arch shed for heat preservation and moisture preservation. After 20 days, it germinated and unearthed. After the seedlings are unearthed, a shade shed with 50% light transmittance should be built in time to prevent sunburn. In the seedling growth period, the suitable amount of topdressing should be applied, the concentration should be thin, the organic fertilizer should not exceed 10%, and the urea should not exceed 5%. When the nursery is too wet, attention should be paid to drainage in order to take root. In the lignification stage, no nitrogen fertilizer was applied to control the growth rate, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer could be applied to promote lignification. During the dormancy period, plastic shed should be built to protect the seedlings from cold and heat.
transplant
In order to promote the development of root system and cultivate strong seedlings, 2-3-year-old seedlings should be transplanted in different beds with row spacing of 15-20cm and plant spacing of 2.5-3cm. The growth of Abies faxoniana is slow during the seedling period, so it is necessary to take more native soil when transplanting. After transplanting, it is necessary to strengthen the tending management. After 2 years of cultivation under full light, the seedlings after transplanting grow strong and have developed roots, which can improve the survival rate of afforestation. Seedling bed moving should be carried out before bud sprouting. After seedling lifting, it should be placed, pressed and watered to keep the topsoil moist.
Pest control
damping off
control methods: during the seedling emergence stage, 0.5% ~ 1% Bordeaux solution can be sprayed every week for prevention, and 0.5% ~ 1% ferrous sulfate can be used during the disease onset stage.
Standing wood rot disease
prevention and control methods: improve the sanitary conditions of forest land and remove the sick and rotten wood in time.
aphid
control method: spray 0.1% dimethoate on the morning with dew.
Main value
Economics
Fir wood color is light, the difference between heartwood and sapwood is not obvious, the air dry density is 500kg / m3, the material is slightly hard and heavy, the water grain is beautiful, there is no normal resin channel, the material is soft, the structure is fine, odorless, easy to process, the strength is medium and high, and the nail holding force is strong. Easy processing, smooth cutting surface, dry, machining, good anti-corrosion process. Generally, the maximum timber size is 4m. The bark and branch bark of Abies fargesii contain resin. The famous Canadian resin is extracted from the bark and branch bark of Abies fargesii. It is the best adhesive for slicing and precision instruments. Similar adhesives can also be extracted from domestic fir. It is a good raw material for making pulp and all kinds of wood fiber. It can be used as general building sleepers (need anti-corrosion treatment), appliances, furniture and plywood. The board should be used as box, fruit box, etc.
medical
Medicine name: fir fruit Pinyin: longshanguo Latin name: Abies delavayi Franch. source: the seeds of Abies cangshanensis, a gymnospermous medicine of Pinaceae. efficacy: regulating qi and dispersing cold. indications: treatment of Sha Qitong, chest and abdomen cold pain and small intestinal hernia. tropism of nature and taste: warm in nature, pungent in taste, non-toxic. Usage and dosage: oral administration: decoction, 3-4 Qian; or calcined storage of research powder. alias: Tang Ze. The original plant Abies cangshanensis is also known as Taxodium. The harvest and storage of medicinal materials: the fruits are picked and dried when they are ripe. Gently beat the scales and seeds, and sieve the seeds for use. textual research: from Sichuan Traditional Chinese medicine annals.
Viewing
The trunk of fir is straight, the crown is cone-shaped or spire shaped, the branches and leaves are dense, and it is evergreen all the year round. It can be used as a garden tree species. It can also be cultivated as a Christmas tree.
Chinese PinYin : Leng Shan
Fir
