Huashan Mountain

Huashan Mountain

Huashan, known as "Xiyue" in ancient times and "Taihua mountain" in elegant terms, is one of the five mountains. It is located in Huayin City, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province, 120 kilometers east of Xi'an, the capital of Shaanxi Province. Qinling Mountains in the South and Huangwei mountains in the north have been regarded as "the most dangerous mountain in the world" since ancient times.

The "Hua" of China originates from Huashan, which is called "the root of China". Huashan is the holy land of Quanzhen sect, the main stream of Taoism. It is also the "fourth cave" and the God widely worshiped by Chinese people, that is, the king God of Huashan Mountain. There are 72 semi suspended caves and more than 20 Taoist temples. Among them, yuquanyuan, Dulong temple, dongdaoyuan and Zhenyue Palace are listed as the key Taoist temples in China. There are famous Taoist masters such as Chen Tuan, Hao Datong and he Yuanxi.

In 1982, Huashan was promulgated as one of the first national scenic spots by the State Council. In 2004, Huashan was rated as one of the top ten famous mountains in China. In 2011, Huashan was rated as a national AAAAA scenic spot by the National Tourism Administration.

geographical environment

geographical position

Huashan is located in Huayin City, Shaanxi Province, between 109 ° 57 ′ - 110 ° 05 ′ E and 34 ° 25 ′ - 34 ° 00 ′ n. It is 15 kilometers long from east to west and 10 kilometers wide from north to south, with a total area of 148 square kilometers. In the west, it is 120 kilometers away from Xi'an, the capital of Shaanxi Province.

Geology and geomorphology

Huashan Mountain range is a granite Hunran boulder of plutonic intrusive rock mass, with coarse grain (grain size 5 mm) porphyry granite at the top and medium grain (grain size 2-5 mm) granodiorite and gneissic granite in the middle. According to the radioisotope determination by geological scientists, the formation period of Huashan granite is about 121 million years ago. The crust in Huashan Mountain area is active. In the process of compression, folding and rupture, the magma began to rise and intrude along the cracks to the surface crust, cooled down at the depth of 3-6 km, and condensed into rock.

About 70 million years ago, the crust of the Huashan mountains continued to rise, while the Weihe area was depressed. This kind of internal dynamic crustal action is fast, slow and intermittent, showing that there are many flat triangular or trapezoidal planes juxtaposed on the East-West line, forming a large fault at the northern foot of Qinling Mountains. These roughly parallel East-West faults cut the mountain into several long fault blocks. During the ascending and descending activities of the fault blocks, most of them are in the shape of alternating mountains and valleys, which rise to the north and bend to the south. At the same time, there are many faults which intersect with the East-West syncline, so that the original long fault block is cut into many segments. Each segment of the ground staggered forward and backward, forming a complex movement. In addition to the interaction of rain, sunlight, freezing, water and other external forces, granite directly exposed space.

Huashan granite has many obvious joints and faults 20 degrees north to the West. Others are north-south, 30 degrees to the west, 10 degrees to the East, and 50 degrees to the East. In addition, there are nearly horizontal vertical and horizontal faults and joints, which divide the complete granite body into large and small blocks. During the cutting activities of vertical and horizontal rivers, weathering and erosion formed a steep mountain peak and many strange rocks.

The East, West and South peaks are the main peaks of Huashan Mountain. Zhongfeng and Beifeng are complementary to each other, and the surrounding small peaks stand for environmental protection.

Climatic characteristics

Huashan Mountain is far away from the ocean, located in the westerly belt between 30 ° and 60 ° n, with a continental degree of 53 ° 7 ', belonging to the warm temperate continental monsoon climate. Due to the steep mountain, the vertical temperature gradient (or temperature drop rate) at the foot and peak of the mountain: from the county seat to the peak, the elevation of the north foot decreases by 0.44 ℃ for every 100 meters, and the elevation of the south foot decreases by 0.5 ℃ for every 100 meters.

air temperature

The low mountain area (below 1000m above sea level) has temperate climate, with annual average temperature of 9-14 ℃, average temperature of the hottest month of 24-28 ℃, frost free period of 180-240 days, daily average temperature of ≥ 5 ℃, 210-270 days of ≥ 10 ℃, annual accumulated temperature of 3200-4500 ℃ for 150-220 days.

The average temperature of alpine region (above 1000 meters above sea level) is less than 8 ℃, the coldest monthly average temperature is - 2.5 - 10 ℃, the absolute lowest monthly average temperature is - 40 ℃, the hottest monthly average temperature is 21 - 24 ℃, the frost free period is 120 - 150 days; the daily average temperature is ≥ 5 ℃, 150 - 180 days ≥ 10 ℃, and the annual accumulated temperature is 1600 - 3200 ℃ for 120 - 150 days.

precipitation

The annual precipitation is 600 mm in low mountain area (below 1000 m above sea level), and 800-900 mm in high mountain area (above 1000 m above sea level). The precipitation at the north foot (Huayin station) is 600 mm, that at the south foot (Luonan station) is 725 mm, and that at the peak (Huashan station) is 925 mm. Between 1000-1400m, it is a rainy zone or the maximum precipitation zone.

cloud

The cloud cover of Huashan Mountain has obvious regularity. In summer, the amount of cloud is the most in the daytime, and the cloud layer usually thickens with the height, resulting in updraft. At noon, the maximum cloud cover occurs in the morning, while in winter, the minimum cloud cover occurs around noon. The cloudiness is the most in summer and the least in winter.

wind

The structure varies with height and terrain. The increase of wind speed is the fastest in the layer 30-50 meters above the surface, and the increase of wind speed slows down at the height of 250-300 meters. Air turbulence decreases with height. The wind speed in valley is usually 2-4 M / s. The wind direction is generally uphill in the daytime and downhill at night. The duration of valley wind is short in autumn and the circulation is almost static in winter.

Biological resources

Botany

The vegetation area of Huashan Mountain is about 1.3 million mu, and its vegetation characteristics are "coniferous forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest". There are nearly 80 families, more than 100 genera and more than 200 species of plants in Huashan Area. Among them, there are more than 60 kinds of seed plants, more than 40 genera and 30 families. There are more than 20 families, genera and nearly 50 species of pteridophytes and 20 families, 40 genera and nearly 70 species of bryophytes. Coniferous deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, mainly pine oak forest, altitude distribution in more than 800 meters of mountain, its tree species are Pinus tabulaeformis, Pinus armandii, Pinus bungeana, Quercus variabilis, Quercus acuteserrata, Quercus liaotungensis, Populus davidiana, etc. The lower part of the pine oak forest belt is a broad-leaved forest dominated by Quercus variabilis, with a small amount of chestnut, Huaxiang, Quercus, etc. Pinus armandii forest, Pinus tabulaeformis forest, Quercus variabilis forest, Pinus bungeana forest, plantation and Pinus massoniana forest are the main vegetation types in Huashan Area.

In addition, below 800 meters above sea level, most of them are agricultural cultivation zones, with few natural vegetation. Most of them are scattered on both sides of the river or near villages, such as poplar, willow, elm, Sophora japonica, Ailanthus altissima, Toona sinensis, etc. In the piedmont area, there are pieces or scattered Platycladus orientalis.

The timber forests in Huashan mainly include Pinus armandii, Pinus tabulaeformis, Quercus variabilis, Quercus liaotungensis, Quercus acuteserrata, Quercus Quercus, Tilia amurensis, Populus davidiana, etc. Economic trees include Fargesia, Pleioblastus, Phyllostachys heterocycla, apricot, persimmon, apple, walnut, mulberry, etc.

medicinal materials

There are more than 300 kinds of Chinese medicinal materials in Huashan Mountain, such as Atractylodes lancea, Acorus calamus, Polygala, Schisandra, Adenophora, asarum, yam, forsythia, bupleurum, Artemisia capillaris, Gastrodia elata, Guanzhong, Polyporus umbellatus, xuelingzi, Shengdi, honeysuckle, dangshen, Platycodon grandiflorum, Polygonatum. Kuo Xi Xi said: "Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Xi Huashan Acorus calamus and other medicinal materials have been listed in the compendium of Materia Medica, which is recorded in Huashan medicinal records.

animal

There are 204 species of vertebrates and 1500 species of insects in Huashan. Golden Eagle, leopard and black stork are three first-class protected animals in Huashan, and 20 second-class protected animals.

Historical evolution

The name of Huashan first appeared in Shanhaijing and Yugong, that is, it was named Huashan in the spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.

According to the annotation of Weishui in Shuijing, it is five thousand feet high and cut into four directions. From a distance, it looks like a flower In ancient times, "Hua" and "Hua" were common, so "Huashan" was "Huashan".

"White tiger Tongyi" contains: "the West for Huashan, Shaoyin use things, all things produce China, so called Huashan."

Huashan is known as the "West Mountain" and the East Mountain Taishan, which was first seen in Erya Shishan. Xiyue is said to be called "Xiyue" because King Ping moved eastward and Huashan was in the west of the kingdom of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Xianyang, the capital of the Qin Empire, and Chang'an, the capital of the Western Han Empire, were both in the west of Huashan, so Huashan is no longer called "Xiyue". Until the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Huashan recovered its name of "Xiyue" and is still in use today.

Huashan is located in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, and together with the Yellow River bred the Chinese nation. According to the research of experts and scholars in past dynasties, ancient Chinese civilization mainly gathered in the area of 500 kilometers around Huashan Mountain.

According to the book of songs Yugong, Huashan is "the place where the Yellow Emperor of Xuanyuan met the immortals". Later generations speculated that it was the place where the Yellow Emperor allied with the tribal chiefs. Since then, Huashan has become more and more famous. The book of books, Zizhitongjian and other books all record that "Tang Yao visited Xiyue four times" and "Shun visited Xiyue three times". According to the book of Shun, Emperor Shun went to the West for hunting in August.

Because Huashan was too dangerous, few people visited it before the Tang Dynasty. All the emperors of the past dynasties held ceremonies in the Xiyue temple at the foot of the mountain. According to the book of history, Huashan is "the place where Xuanyuan emperor meets the immortals". According to historical records, both the Yellow Emperor and Yushun visited Huashan. According to records, King Zhao of Qin ordered his craftsmen to climb Huashan Mountain by hook and ladder.

Since the Han and Tang Dynasties, the title of the first sacrifice of Qin Shihuang to Huashan has increased and intensified. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered the construction of Jiling palace, the predecessor of Xiyue temple. In the second year of the Yuan Dynasty (the first 11 years), Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty visited Hedong and went back to Xiyue.

During the Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties, there was no road leading to the peak of Huashan Mountain. Until the Tang Dynasty, with the prosperity of Taoism, Taoists began to build temples in the mountains, and gradually dug a dangerous road along the valley on the north slope, forming "a road in Huashan since ancient times".

In 619, the second year of Wude, Emperor Gaozu of Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty

Chinese PinYin : Hua Shan