Gebu

ramie

Ramie (scientific name: boehmerianivea (L.) gaudich.). Other names: YEMA (Guangdong, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Anhui), yeramie (Guizhou, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Hubei, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu), Jiama (Jiangxi), Zhuzi (Taiwan), Qingma (Guangxi, Hubei), Baima (Guangxi).

Ramie is one of the important fiber crops in ancient China. It is native to southwest China. In the Neolithic age, some places in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were planted. Ramie cloth and fine hemp rope unearthed from the Neolithic site in qianshanyang, Zhejiang Province, are the earliest archaeological discoveries, which have been more than 4700 years ago. China is a country with more varieties and wild species of ramie. The history of ramie cultivation in China is the longest, more than 4700 years ago. Ramie is more suitable for temperate and subtropical climate.

Ramie leaf is a kind of feed with high protein content and rich nutrition. Ramie root contains the medicinal ingredient of "ramie acid", which has the functions of tonifying Yin, tranquilizing fetus, treating prenatal and postpartum upset, and treating sores. Hemp bone can be used as raw material for papermaking, or to make fiberboard which can be used for furniture, board and wall, etc. Magu can also make wine and sugar. Hemp shell can be degummed to extract fiber for textile, papermaking or ship repair. Furfural can be extracted from hemp husk scraped from fresh bast. Furfural is a refining agent in chemical industry and a resin plastic.

Dazhu County, Dazhou City, Sichuan Province is the "hometown of ramie in China", with a planting area of 300000 Mu and an annual output of 45000 tons, ranking first in China.

morphological character

Subshrubs or shrubs, 0.5-1.5 m high; the upper part of stem and petiole are densely covered with spreading long bristles and nearly spreading and appressed short bristles.

Leaves alternate; leaf blade herbaceous, usually ovate or broadly ovate, a few ovate, 6-15 cm long, 4-11 cm wide, apex cuspidate, base nearly truncate or broadly cuneate, margin dentate above base, upper surface slightly rough, sparsely pubescent, lower surface densely covered with snow white felts, lateral veins ca. 3 pairs; petiole 2.5-9.5 cm long; stipules minute, subulate lanceolate, 7-11 mm long, abaxially covered Hair.

Panicle axillary, or plant upper for female, its lower for male, or the same plant all female, 2-9 cm long; male cyme diameter 1-3 mm, with a few male flowers; female cyme diameter 0.5-2 mm, with many dense female flowers. Male flowers: perianth segments 4, narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.5 mm long, connate to the middle, apex acute, outside with pubescence; stamens 4, ca. 2 mm long, anthers 0.6 mm long; pistillodes narrowly obovoid, ca. 0.7 mm long, apex with short stigma. Female flowers: perianth elliptic, 0.6-1 mm long, 2-3 denticles at the top, pubescent outside, rhomboid oblanceolate in fruit stage, 0.8-1.2 mm long; stigma filiform, 0.5-0.6 mm long.

Achene subglobose, ca. 0. 6 mm, smooth, base juxtaposed into petioles. The flowering period is from August to October.

geographical distribution

It is widely cultivated in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang, Hubei and Sichuan, and in the south of Gansu, Shaanxi and Henan. Vietnam, Laos and other places.

Ramie is a special crop with textile as its main use in China. It is a national treasure of China. China's ramie production accounts for more than 90% of the world's ramie production, which is called "Chinese grass" in the world.

The main producing areas of ramie in China are distributed between 19 and 39 degrees north latitude, starting from Hainan Province in the South and Shaanxi Province in the north. They are generally divided into three regions: the Yangtze River region (including Hunan, Sichuan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, etc.), the South China region (including Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Yunnan, Taiwan, etc.) and the Yellow River region (including Shaanxi, Henan, etc.) And the south of Shandong Province). Among them, the hemp producing area in the Yangtze River Basin is the main one in China, and its cultivated area and yield account for more than 90% of the total cultivated area and yield in China.

Growth habit

In the valley forest or grass slope, 200-1700m above sea level.

In China, ramie is usually planted on the flat land, gentle slope land, hilly land or plain soil. The best soil quality is sandy soil to clay soil. However, it is not suitable to plant on the land with groundwater level less than 1m or easy to flood. If the stem height is more than 1 foot, the damage will be more serious. The ratooning period of ramie is 10-30 years, mostly more than 100 years. Its growth period is about 80-90 days for head hemp, 50-60 days for second hemp and 70-80 days for third hemp. Its annual growth period is about 230 days. When the head hemp seedlings are frosted more than 5-6 inches, they will be damaged by freezing, and the growth points will wither, resulting in branches, more foot hemp and poor growth. It requires deep and loose soil layer, high content of organic matter, good limit of water and fertilizer conservation and drainage. The pH value of soil should be 5.5-6.5, and the soil should be improved if it is lower than 4.5 or higher than 7.6.

Ramie is a warm and short day plant originated from tropical and subtropical areas. The length of day and night not only affects the flowering time of ramie, but also affects the ratio of male and female flowers. When the day length is 8-9 hours, it can promote flowering, but it has more female flowers; when the day length is 14 hours, it has more male flowers.

The optimum temperature for Ramie Seed germination was 25-30 ℃. It can not germinate below 6 ℃.

The optimum temperature for aboveground stem growth was 15-32 ℃. When the temperature was lower than 3 ℃ in early spring, the seedlings were damaged by cold. If the soil temperature is lower than minus 3-5 ℃ for a long time in winter, the underground stem will be damaged by freezing. The leaf area coefficient can reach 4-7. Due to the large transpiration and fast vegetative growth, sufficient water is needed.

The sprouting of underground stems can only start when the temperature rises to about 9 ℃, but can't sprout below 6 ℃. The seedlings were not tolerant to low temperature and died when the temperature dropped to 0 ℃. The seedlings with newly developed underground stems have strong cold resistance, and will not freeze to death even under 0 ℃, but their cold resistance decreases with the growth of seedlings.

Rainfall and its distribution are one of the important factors that determine ramie growth and fiber yield. The annual rainfall of ramie should be more than 800mm and distributed evenly. The relative humidity of atmosphere should be above 80%. The short-term drought affected the yield of hemp in the current season, and the long-term drought not only reduced the yield of the whole year, but also affected the development of hemp stump and caused stump failure. The annual rainfall is generally more than 1300 mm, with abundant rainfall, but the seasonal distribution is uneven. There is more spring rain in Touma, and drought often occurs in the second and third Ma, so the yield of the third Ma is extremely unbalanced. If there is no irrigation condition, the yield in ertou and Matou is lower than that in the hilly area.

Light intensity and daily sunshine hours have great influence on fiber yield. If the sunlight is not enough, the photosynthesis will be weakened, the stem will be weak, the bast will be thin, the fiber cell wall will be thin, the technology maturity will be delayed, and the yield will be reduced. However, too strong sunlight, high temperature and drought will also inhibit the growth of hemp stem, lignification of fiber cell wall, and reduce fiber quality and yield.

The soil moisture requirement of ramie should be 20-24% or 80-85% of the maximum soil moisture. Less drought and more waterlogging are unfavorable to ramie. Special attention should be paid to waterlogging in the lake area. Waterlogging in Ramie field hindered the respiration in the lower part of ramie field, caused the spread of pathogens, and produced a large number of harmful substances such as hydrogen sulfide, reductive iron and manganese, resulting in stump failure and yield reduction. Ramie has strong adaptability to soil, and can be planted in all kinds of soil in plain, lake, hilly and mountainous areas. The most suitable soil is sandy loam, clay loam and humus loam. The ramie Research Institute of Hunan Agricultural University has studied the ecological environment and soil physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the main ramie producing areas in Hunan Province. It is found that the soil developed on the Paleozoic sedimentary rock parent material at the foot of hills and valleys has high yield and good quality of ramie. The yield of ramie increased with the increase of soil thickness, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus. The content of potassium, water-soluble boron and manganese in soil increased, which was beneficial to the increase of fiber number. The number of fiber increased with the increase of cation exchange capacity and the content of exchangeable calcium.

The pH value of soil also has a great influence on the yield of ramie. Ramie in acid soil (pH value 4.4) has short plant growth, few ramets, slow development of fiber cells and low yield. In strong alkaline soil (pH 8.0), plant growth is not good, fiber cell is short, cell wall is thick, and yield is low. When the pH value of soil was about 6.0-7.0, the plant grew strong and the fiber yield was high.

Major variants

Ramie (original variety)

Subshrubs or shrubs, 0.5-1.5 m high; the upper part of stem and petiole are densely covered with spreading long bristles and nearly spreading and appressed short bristles. Leaves alternate; leaf blade herbaceous, usually ovate or broadly ovate, a few ovate, 6-15 cm long, 4-11 cm wide, apex cuspidate, base nearly truncate or broadly cuneate, margin dentate above base, upper surface slightly rough, sparsely pubescent, lower surface densely covered with snow white felts, lateral veins ca. 3 pairs; petiole 2.5-9.5 cm long; stipules minute, subulate lanceolate, 7-11 mm long, abaxially covered Hair. Panicle axillary, or plant upper for female, its lower for male, or the same plant all female, 2-9 cm long; male cyme diameter 1-3 mm, with a few male flowers; female cyme diameter 0.5-2 mm, with many dense female flowers. Male flowers: perianth 4, narrowly elliptic, ca. 1.5 mm long, connate to middle, apex acute, with pubescence outside; stamens 4, ca. 2 mm long, anthers 0.6 mm long

Chinese PinYin : Ge Bu