Manchu

Manchu

The total population of Manchu is 10.682 million (in 2000), ranking second among China's 55 ethnic minorities. Manchu has its own language and writing. Baishanheishui in Northeast China is the hometown of Manchu. In 1644, the Qing army entered the pass and gradually unified the whole country. From then on, Manchu aristocrats began to rule the whole country. After the revolution of 1911, the Qing government fell.

Manchu population is distributed in all parts of the country, with Liaoning, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Beijing and other provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government as the majority. The rest scattered in Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shandong, Hubei, Guizhou and other provinces and regions, as well as Xi'an, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Fuzhou and other large and medium-sized cities.

Manchu is a hardworking, brave and intelligent nation. It is also a nation good at absorbing foreign culture and integrating innovation. In the long-term historical development, the customs and culture with rich national characteristics have been formed. The customs of Manchu people at the age of 20 are mostly similar to those of Han people, but they maintain many Manchu characteristics.

population distribution

Due to historical reasons, the Manchu people live scattered all over the country, most of them live in Liaoning Province. The others live scattered in Jilin, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu, Shandong and other provinces and cities such as Beijing, Tianjin, Chengdu, Xi'an, Guangzhou, Yinchuan. The formation of large dispersion has the characteristics of small settlement. The main settlement areas have established Xiuyan, Fengcheng, Xinbin, Qinglong, Fengning, Kuancheng and other Manchu autonomous counties, as well as several Manchu townships.

According to China's 2010 population census, the population of Manchu is 10.410585 million, accounting for 0.77% of China's population and 9.28% of the population of ethnic minorities. Among the provincial administrative regions, Liaoning and Hebei have more than one million Manchu population. Among them, Liaoning Province has 5.336895 million Manchu people, accounting for 51.26% of the Manchu population, accounting for 12.20% of the population of Liaoning Province, which is the main concentration of the Manchu population; Hebei Province has 2.18711 million Manchu people, accounting for 20.35% of the Manchu population, accounting for 70.80% of the minority population of Hebei Province. The population of Manchu in Jilin, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia and Beijing is more than 100000; there are tens of thousands in each of the 17 provincial administrative regions such as Tianjin and Henan; there are thousands in each of the seven provincial administrative regions such as Anhui and Fujian; the population of Manchu in Tibet Autonomous Region is the least, 153. In Liaoning, Hebei, Heilongjiang and Beijing, Manchu is the largest minority. Especially in Liaoning, Hebei and Heilongjiang provinces, Manchu accounts for more than 50% of the local ethnic minorities; in Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Tianjin, Ningxia, Shaanxi and Shanxi, Manchu is the second largest ethnic minority; in Henan, Shandong and Anhui, it ranks third.

During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the royal family of Jin Dynasty moved to Taiwan and developed into a large family with more than 500 households and more than 8000 people. There are more than 12000 Manchus in Taiwan.

There are also Manchus emigrating, but there are no statistics on the population.

Historical evolution

Before Qing Dynasty

"Baishan Heishui" in Northeast China is the hometown of Manchu. The origin of Manchu can be traced back to Sushen more than 2000 years ago and later yilou, Wuji, Pei and Nuzhen.

Sushen people are one of the earliest recorded residents in Northeast China. They live in the north of Changbai Mountain, the east coast of the sea and the vast areas of Heilongjiang and Wusuli River basins. Sushen people are mainly engaged in hunting and nomadic, good at riding and shooting, and brave. As early as the times of Shun and Yu, Sushen people established contact with the Central Plains. At the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty (the beginning of the 11th century B.C.), Su Shen's department once offered "arrow stone" to the Zhou Dynasty. "Zuozhuan" records: "Sushen, Yan, Bo" is the "northern land" of Zhou Dynasty.

After the Warring States period, Sushen people changed their name to yilou, sometimes still using the old name. Yilou people also used "arrow stone" to hunt. They grew grain and raised pigs. They could weave linen and build boats. After the Three Kingdoms, yilou people paid tribute to the Central Plains Dynasty many times, and their direct ministers belonged to the Central Plains Dynasty. Yiloudiao was a treasure in the society of the Three Kingdoms.

During the northern and Southern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, the descendants of Sushen and yilou appeared successively under the names of Wuji and Yiluo, with a population of dozens of tribes. Pei later developed into Su Mo, Bai Shan, Bo Dou, an Che Gu, Fu Nie, Hao Shi and Heishui.

In the Tang Dynasty, dazuorong established a local political power "Zhenguo" in the upper reaches of Songhua River and the northern foot of Changbai Mountain, with Su Mo as the main body. In the first year of Kaiyuan (713), dazorong was canonized as "Bohai Prefecture king" and "huhanzhou governor" by the Tang Dynasty. From then on, dazorong was named Bohai. The political and military systems of Bohai State were established according to the system of Tang Dynasty, using Chinese characters. The change of the king was canonized by the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Bohai maintained a close relationship with the Tang Dynasty. Almost every year, there were tribute envoys to the Tang Dynasty, sending students to study in Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty. The influence of politics, economy, advanced science, technology and culture in the Central Plains promoted the rapid development of agriculture and handicraft industry in the Bohai Sea, especially iron smelting and silk weaving.

Before and after the founding of the Bohai Sea, heishuipei often paid tribute to the Tang Dynasty. In the 13th year of Kaiyuan (725), the Tang Dynasty set up the black water army in the area of Heishui, and then set up the black water government, which was granted the Dudu, the governor and other officials of each department of Heishui respectively, and the chief Shi Jianzhi was given the surname of Li. Under the leadership of Yunhui general, Heishui economic envoy and Youzhou governor, it became a local organization directly under the Heilongjiang River Basin in the Tang Dynasty. When the Bohai Sea was strong, part of the heishuipei people belonged to it. After the death of Liao Dynasty in Bohai Sea, people moved to the south of Bohai Sea, and heishuipei moved to the south of Bohai Sea, gradually replacing Bohai Sea. In the Five Dynasties, heishuipei was called "Nuzhen", and in the Liao Dynasty, it was called "nuzhi" instead of "xingzongye". Since then, the name Nuzhen has been used to replace Pei until the end of Ming Dynasty.

Liao Dynasty Nvzhen can be roughly divided into three parts. The Jurchen who lives in the east of Liaoning Province is called the old Jurchen or the Jurchen of Liao nationality; the Jurchen who lives in the vast area north of Songhua River is called the new Jurchen or the Jurchen of Liao nationality; the Jurchen who lives between the two is called the huiba Jurchen. Due to the introduction and use of iron, the production of wanyanbu in shengnuzhen develops rapidly. Under the leadership of Wan Yan a Gu Da, the leader, he fought against Liao and established Jin Dynasty. After the establishment of the Jin Dynasty, it united with the Northern Song Dynasty to destroy Liao, and soon moved south to replace the Northern Song Dynasty, forming a situation of coexisting with the Southern Song Dynasty.

After the Jin Dynasty occupied the Central Plains, the capital moved to Yanjing in the first year of Zhenyuan (1153), and the policy of "moving south to North" was carried out. Nvzhenren first moved to Yanshan. Later, she settled in North China, while the Han people gradually moved north. Under the influence of the Han nationality and the surrounding environment, nvzhenren, who settled in the Central Plains, gradually integrated with the Han nationality. After the extermination of the Jin Dynasty, the Mongolians were listed in the "Han nationality" class, indicating that there was no obvious difference with the Han nationality. The real women retained in Northeast China are still relatively backward.

In the Yuan Dynasty, some nvzhenren lived in the area of Liaoyang and other roads, lived together with the Han nationality, and gradually integrated with the Han nationality; one was scattered in shuidada and other roads of Helan Prefecture, that is, taking today's Yilan County of Heilongjiang Province as the center, distributed in the Songhua River basin, the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang Province, and the vast area of the east coast. In Yuan Dynasty, there were five wanhufu and Marshal's mansion in this area, two qianhusuo in Wusuli River Basin, and wanhufu in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang Province, which were ruled by the local ethnic upper class.

According to their geographical location and social development degree, Nvzhen in Ming Dynasty can be divided into Jianzhou Nvzhen, Haixi Nvzhen and Donghai Nvzhen. Jurchen in Jianzhou is distributed in the east of Fushun, with Hunhe River Basin as the center, east to the East and north of Changbai Mountain, South to Yalu River. Nuzhen is distributed in Kaiyuan, Huifa River Basin, north to the middle reaches of Songhua River. Jurchen in the East China Sea is distributed in Jianzhou, East and north of Jurchen in the west of the sea, from the middle reaches of the Songhua River to the Heilongjiang River Basin and to the coast in the East. With the rapid development of social economy, nvzhenren has moved from hunting and nomadic to settlement. Its economy has also changed from hunting economy to agriculture, supplemented by hunting and gathering. From the perspective of social form and class relations, there have been slave owners and slave classes. In listening to the rain, Fuge of the Qing Dynasty said: "Manchuria has crops and people who live in castles for generations." "dozens of great families are located in their own villages, and small families are also independent in their fortresses. They are strong with each other and have their own city outline. Indigenous people are accustomed to shooting and hunting, and know how to farm. The Ming Dynasty set up more than 380 Jimi guards and posts in the vast Nuzhen area, and set up Nur gandu commanding department in the area opposite the confluence of Heilongjiang River and henggunhe river. The leaders of each department of Nuzhen were appointed as Dudu, Dudu commander, Qianhu, Baihu, Zhenfu and other posts. They were given imperial edicts, seals, crowns and banknotes, and the time and treatment of tribute and Mashi were stipulated, which strengthened the control of the Ming Dynasty The direct rule of Northeast China. Since the beginning of Ming Dynasty, with nurgan Dusi as the center, six transportation trunk lines and more than 40 post stations were established in Northeast China, forming a transportation network extending in all directions, which further promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between Nuzhen and Han areas.

After the middle of Ming Dynasty, the various departments of Nuzhen fought against each other and fought frequently, resulting in a chaotic situation of killing each other. The people of Nuzhen suffered greatly. Nuerhachi, the sixth grandson of Timur, the elder brother of Zuowei in Jianzhou, had outstanding political and military talents. He conformed to the trend of historical development and started the war of unifying all the departments of Nuzhen. Nurhachi lost his mother at the age of ten and was captured in Atai's family at the age of fifteen or sixteen. Seeing his cleverness, Li Chengliang, commander in chief of Liaodong, placed him under his command and made many military achievements. When he was 19 years old, he took the opportunity to "float away" from Li Chengliang. Later, he went to the mountains to collect mountain goods and traveled to Mashi, Fushun, etc. he was familiar with the situation of Han people and was deeply influenced by Han culture.

Chinese PinYin : Man Ren