flower

flowers and plants

Flowers, herbaceous plants with ornamental value, are the general name of plants used to describe appreciation. There are many kinds of short branches which are sun loving, cold resistant and reproductive. Typical flower, on a short axis of limited growth, bearing calyx, petals and stamens and pistils producing germ cells. The flower is composed of corolla, calyx, receptacle and stamen. It has various colors and grows with or without fragrance.

Source of flowers

Huazi was written in oracle bone inscriptions of Shang Dynasty (i.e. Hua), showing the shape of blooming flowers and luxuriant branches and leaves. Hui, Han Dynasty Xu Shen "ShuoWenJieZi" said: "Hui, the general name of grass." The combination of flower and flower appeared later. In the southern and Northern Dynasties, the biography of he Dian in the book of Liang states: "there is Bian Zhongzhen tomb in the garden, and flowers are planted on the side of the tomb." This is an earlier description of the combination of flower and flower.

Introduction to flowers

Flowers are the reproductive organs of angiosperms. Typical flower, on a short axis of limited growth, bearing calyx, corolla and stamens and pistils producing germ cells. Some scholars think that the sporophylls of gymnosperms are also "flowers", while most people think that angiosperms have flowers, so angiosperms are also called flowering plants. All parts of the flower are not easily affected by the external environment, so the morphological structure of the flower has long been used as the main basis for the classification and phylogeny of angiosperms.

It is also used by most writers to describe the implication of flower products with flowers as the medium and vines as branches.

China's current situation

China is the country with the largest area of flower cultivation in the world and has a broad consumer market, but the flower industry does not have its own brand. China's flower industry should survive by branding. Over the past 10 years, the world flower industry has grown at an average rate of 25% every year, and the flower market has a bright future. However, the huge development space has not brought sustainable wealth to Chinese flower farmers. Due to the asymmetric information, flower farmers are always unable to get rid of the vicious circle year after year. China's flower industry should get rid of this dilemma,

In addition to working hard to improve the quality of flowers and narrow the gap between domestic flowers and foreign flowers, we should also take the brand as the guide, realize the transformation from selling products to selling brands, let the brand premium, and increase the added value of products.

About the development status and national characteristics of Chinese flower culture, there is Cheng Jie's article on the prosperity, development process, historical background and national characteristics of Chinese flower culture, which is more detailed and worthy of reference. See Yuejiang academic journal, issue 1, 2014.

Xintai flower industry has now set, culture as a whole, get all-round development, walking in the forefront of the country, green source flowers and a large number of high-quality enterprises lead the way.

Flowers in narrow sense

Flower is the expression of plant maturity, with various colors of flowers, with ornamental effect; Hui is the general name of grass.

Flowers in a broad sense

In addition to the ornamental value of herbs, herbs, woody ground cover plants, flowering shrubs, flowering trees, bonsai and greenhouse ornamental plants.

Classification of flower plants:

Herbs: perennial herbs, one or two years old herbs.

Woody: tree, shrub

morphological structure

As for the essence of flower structure, the consistent view tends to regard the flower as an abnormal short branch with shortened internodes. From the aspect of morphology and structure, each part of the flower has the general property of leaf.

Goethe (1749-1832), a German poet, dramatist and naturalist, first put forward this view. He believed that flowers were abnormal branches suitable for reproduction. This view is supported by fossil records and many phylogenetic and ontogenetic evidences, and can better explain the flower structure of most angiosperms.

There are many shapes of flowers, of which 250000 are angiosperms. However, all flowers still have a common structure schema, which is usually composed of:

Pedicel

It is the branch connecting the stem, the channel connecting the stem and the flower, and supporting the flower. There are long, short, or none.

Receptacle

It is the slightly expanded part at the top of pedicel, with calyx, corolla and other parts in various shapes.

calyx

The abnormal leaf of the outermost ring of the flower is composed of several sepals; it is often green and has calyx separation, calyx closure and epicalyx, which can protect young flowers.

Corolla

The abnormal leaf of the second round of a flower, consisting of several petals; often of various colors and aromas. There are petal flowers, petal flowers. It can attract insects to pollinate and protect stamens and pistils.

perianth

Calyx and corolla. It can be divided into three types: two covered flower, single covered flower and bare flower.

Stamen group

There are many types of stamens in a flower, but the structure of each stamen is as follows: stigma, anther, style, filament, petal, sepal, ovule, ovary, receptacle and petiole

Pistil group

The general term for all pistils in a flower. It may consist of one or more pistils. The ovule contains the gynoecium, which is called the gynoecium. A pistil may be composed of multiple carpels. In this case, if each carpel is separated to form a separate single pistil, it is called centrifugal pistil. Otherwise, if carpels are united, it is called compound pistil. The sticky tip of pistil is called stigma, which is the receptor of pollen. The style connects the stigma and ovary, which is the passage of pollen tube into ovary after pollen germination.

structure

Although the above structure reflects the "typical" structure of flowers, the actual structure of plants in nature is quite different. These differences are of great significance to the evolution of angiosperms and have been widely used by botanists to establish interspecific relationships. For example, two subclasses of angiosperms can be distinguished by their petal numbers: dicotyledons usually have 4 or 5 petals (or multiples of 4 or 5), while monocotyledons usually have 3 or multiples of 3. The flowers of most plants have both pistils and stamens as described above, which is called "complete flower", "bisexual flower" or "androgynous flower" in botany. However, there are also some plants whose flowers are "incomplete flowers" or "unisexual flowers", that is, flowers with only stamens or pistils. In this case, if the female flower and the male flower grow on different plants, they are called "dioecious". On the contrary, if the unisexual male flower and female flower are in the same plant, it is called "androgynous".

In some plants, the flowers are isolated from the plant, while in some plants, the flowers are clustered from the plant. For the latter, if the flowers are arranged on the axis according to certain rules, they will form "inflorescence". At this point, we must pay attention to the actual concept of "flower". From the botanical point of view, a chrysanthemum or sunflower is not a flower, but a flower head, which is composed of many small flowers, and all of them have the structure mentioned above. Some flowers are radially symmetrical, that is, if the perianth is divided into two at any angle through the central axis, the two halves are symmetrical and equal. They are called radially symmetrical flowers or regular flowers, such as rose and peach. There are also some flowers that can only be cut into two symmetrical planes at one angle, which are called left-right symmetrical flowers or irregular flowers, such as snapdragon and most orchids.

Meaning of flowers

Flowers have two meanings in broad sense and narrow sense: flowers in narrow sense refer to herbaceous plants with ornamental value, such as Impatiens, chrysanthemum, Salvia splendens, cockscomb, etc.; flowers in broad sense include herbaceous or woody ground cover plants, flowering shrubs, flowering trees, bonsai, etc., such as Ophiopogon japonicus, Sedum, tufted Phlox, etc Peach, rose, camellia and other trees and shrubs, and so on. In addition, the tall trees and shrubs distributed in the South can only be used as greenhouse potted ornamental plants when they are moved to the cold areas in the north, such as brandy, Indian rubber tree, and palm plants are also included in the broad flowers. In modern society, people often plant, buy and wear flowers in various ways because of their pleasant appearance and fragrance. All over the world, people use flowers in various activities and occasions in their life

1. Used to celebrate new life or religious baptism

2. Used as a brooch or button flower at social gatherings or festivals

Used to express love or respect

4. For wedding decoration

5. For home decoration

6. Used as a commemorative gift at a farewell or welcome banquet to express missing

7. Used in funerals to express grief

8. Used to worship or worship gods

Flower culture

Cultivation methods

1. Scorch method: put the end of the flower branch on the candle flame to scorch, immediately soak it in alcohol for one minute, and then rinse it in clean water. Hydrangea, clove, Aucklandia, peony, rose, chrysanthemum, ivory red, etc. can be treated by this method.

2. Immersion method: immerse the base of the flower branch in boiling water for about 10 seconds to block the incision and prevent the juice from overflowing from the flower branch tissue.

3. Deep water first aid method: when the flower droops, a small section of the end of the flower branch can be cut off, and then put into a container filled with cold water, leaving only the flower head exposed on the water. After one to two hours, the flower branch will wake up. This method is suitable for herbaceous and woody flowers.

4. Using preservative method: adding appropriate amount of fresh flower preservative in the container of flower arrangement can prolong the time of flower arrangement. In addition, the florescence of Acorus calamus can be prolonged for three to five days by using 1 / 3000 aspirin solution or 1 / 2000 potassium permanganate solution. The florescence can be prolonged by adding appropriate amount of boric acid, sulfur, carbolic acid, salicylic acid, salt and vitamins.

5. Expanding incision method: generally cut the base of flower branch obliquely, or cut the base into two to four parts, insert small stone particles to open the crack, or hammer the base to expand the water absorbing surface. Among them, oblique cutting is the most common method, and the latter two are mainly used for woody flowers

Chinese PinYin : Hua