Koryo

Koryo

Koryo

(Korean: 고, English: Goryeo, 918-1392), also known as

Koryo Dynasty

、

Wang's Koryo

It is one of the ancient countries on the Korean Peninsula. In 918 A.D., the bow descendants of the Thai monarch overthrew the bow descendants and established the king as the king. In 935, they merged with Silla, and in 936, they destroyed Baiji, realizing the unification of the three Koreas. The capital of Korea is Kaijing. The territory is roughly equivalent to the south central part of the Korean Peninsula today. After the middle of the 11th century, it was bounded by the great wall and the Liao and Jin Dynasties. The northwest reached the Yalu River during the reign of Ruizong in the 12th century, and the Northeast expanded to Jiazhou (now Jiashan County in Korea) and Jizhou (now Jizhou County in Korea) during the reign of King Gongmin in the last years of Korea.

Koryo has experienced 34 generations of monarchs for a total of 475 years. It has been courted by mainland countries such as the later Tang Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty, the Later Zhou Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty, the Qidan (Liao Dynasty), the Jin Dynasty, the Mongolia (Yuan Dynasty) and the Ming Dynasty, and wars broke out with northern nations such as Qidan, Nuzhen and Mongolia. In 1392, Li Chenggui deposed Gong and let Wang Zili establish the Korean Dynasty.

Buddhism is the national religion of Korea, and the Koryo Tripitaka is one of the world's treasures. Arabic merchants spread the name of Korea to the European world, which is the prototype of the word Korea (Corea) today. After the reunification of Silla, Korea has become another unified country in the history of the Korean Peninsula, and "Korean" has also become another name of the Korean nation in the world.

(the general picture is drawn by netizen "Jinlou white elephant" for reference)

National name

The reason why Wang Jian, the supreme ancestor of Korea, named the country as Korea is not clearly recorded in historical books. It is generally believed that the name of Koryo is derived from the name of Koguryo, an ancient country in Northeast Asia. This may have something to do with the banner of "Koryo" (known as post Koguryo) played by the bow people Wang Jian once served. However, in addition to the overlapping of the name and part of the territory, the Koryo Dynasty (Wang's Koryo) itself has little direct relationship with Koguryo (Gao's Koryo). Arabic businessmen in the Korean era spread the name to the European world, the English name of South Korea“

Korea

”It's a Korean Latin name“

Goryeo

”It's a distortion of the world.

Several usages of Koryo name

On some occasions in the Koryo era, people would take the names of the above countries as their full names, which can be seen in historical materials, such as "the Koryo state of Tang Dynasty", "the Koryo state of Jin Dynasty", "the Koryo state of Song Dynasty", "the Koryo state of Yuan Dynasty", etc.

Some people think that the name of Korea is derived from the abbreviation of "mountain and water Korea", but it may only be accepted by later generations.

history

The situation of the founding of the people's Republic of China

With the help of the power of the Tang Dynasty, Silla completed the unification of the central and southern part of the Korean Peninsula. After the late 8th century, Silla, like the Tang Dynasty, fell into the dilemma of civil strife and decline. At the end of the 9th century, the people's uprising broke out in Silla under the rule of Queen Zhensheng, which led to the collapse of Silla's rule on the Korean Peninsula. Among the uprising forces in various places, Gongyi and Zhenxuan, the two heroes in troubled times, stand out as Koguryo and Baiji respectively (known as post Koguryo and post Baiji in History), and form a confrontation with Silla, who is still struggling in Jincheng (now Gyeongju in South Korea), known as "post three Kingdoms" in history.

The fragmentation of Silla resulted in the situation that the powerful families were independent. The latter three kingdoms were only the three major forces in the central and southern Korean Peninsula at that time, and there were countless semi independent small and medium-sized powerful families. Wang Jian, the founder of the Korean Dynasty, was born in Songyue. According to the later versions of the Koryo Dynasty, the paternal ancestor (great grandfather) of the Wang family was a certain emperor or royal family of the Tang Dynasty (Su Zong, Shun Zong, Xuan Zong, etc.) who traveled to the East in a humble way. The Li Tang royal family combined with the great granddaughter Chen Yi (Zhuifeng Zhen and Queen) of tiger king, a holy bone general from Baitou mountain, and gave birth to Wang Jian's grandfather as emperor Jian (Zhuifeng GaoLiYi Zu), As emperor Jian, he combined with the daughter of the Dragon King of Xihai (Queen Yuanchang), and gave birth to Wang Jian's father, long Jian. Later, he was instructed by monk daoshen, who came back from the Tang Dynasty and took Wang as his surname, named long (emperor Gaoli), and gave birth to Wang Jian the next year. Although these legends are absurd, some people believe that Wang Jian is indeed a Chinese descendant.

In 896, Wang Long was granted the title of governor of Jincheng by Gongyi, a warlord who was subordinate to Tieyuan (now Tieyuan County in South Korea) in Songyue Prefecture. At that time, 20-year-old Wang Jianze was ordered by Gongyi prefecture to build a city in Songyue and was granted the title of Lord of the city. Wang Long died in 897. In 901, he became king of Gongyi. He named his country as Koryo, and later Koryo or post Koguryo in history (in 904, he changed his country name to Moshen, and in 911, he changed his country name to Taifeng). Wang Jian was one of the most important generals in this regime. He won many victories against houbaiji and was highly valued by the bow clan. In 913, he was appointed as the chief of all officials, the servant. On July 25, 918 (June 15 of the lunar calendar), Thai Knights Hong Ru, Pei Xuanqing, Shen chongqian, and bu Zhiqian launched a mutiny and established the king as a monarch. The name of the country was Korea, and the age was given by heaven. After hearing the news, they fled and were killed by the people on the way. In the first month of the next year, Wang Jian moved the capital from Tieyuan to Songyue, his "land of Longxing", which was renamed Kaizhou (later called Kaijing).

Early days

At the time of Wang Jian's founding of gaoliguo, Silla was in complete decline, and Wang Jian adopted the foreign policy of supporting Silla, while Zhen Xuan, who was later from Baiji, was Wang Jian's main enemy. As for the other powerful families who had not yet submitted to the rule of one city, Wang Jian "dispatched single envoys, paid more attention to money and gave less words to show the meaning of favor and harmony", and gradually brought many powerful families under his command through marriage and other means. In the long-term tug of war between Koryo and houbaiji, Koryo gradually gained the upper hand. With the battle of Pingshan in Guchang (now Anton, South Korea) in 930 as the watershed, Koryo began to attack houbaiji. In 933, Wang Jian was canonized by the later Tang Dynasty and began to use the new year's name of the later Tang Dynasty, which gained support from China. After the civil strife in Baiji in 935, Zhen Xuan was dethroned by her son Zhen Shenjian, and later defected to the old enemy Wang Jian. In the same year, King Jinfu of Silla returned to Korea, and Jincheng, the capital of Silla, was named Qingzhou by Wang Jian. In the autumn of 936, after Wang Jian's personal expedition to Baiji, he defeated the Shenjian in yilichuan (now Guiwei City, South Korea) and won a decisive victory. The Shenjian also surrendered soon after. Wang Jian finally completed the great cause of the unification of the three Koreas.

After the founding of Korea, Wang Jian began to restore internal order. He established the status of Buddhism as a state religion in accordance with the regulations and systems of Silla, and maintained the form of joint power of the powerful families through political compromise with the powerful families. At that time, the representative powerful families were Huangzhou Huangfu, Zhongzhou Liu, Zhenzhou Liu, Pingzhou Pu, Pingzhou Yu, Guangzhou Wang and Qingzhou from the former Silla In the early days of Korea, both autocratic monarchy and centralized power were very weak, which could be said to be governing by inaction; in the external world, they actively expanded north, designated Pyongyang as the western capital, gradually extended the Northern Territory from the Datong River to the Qingchuan River Basin, tried to unite the central Plains against Khitan, and accepted Daguangshan, the son of the Bohai State who was destroyed by Khitan in 934. In 943, Wang Jian passed away, and the temple was named Taizu. Wang Wu, the crown prince, succeeded him to the throne.

If it is said that Wang Jian was able to control the meritorious and powerful families with his grace and prestige in his life, then when his frail son Wang Wu of Huizong succeeded to the throne, this political balance would be shaken, and finally triggered the conflagration of various forces, that is, the "rebellion of Wang rules" in 945. Wang Yao, the son of Wang Jian, who came to power by pacifying the rebellion of Wang rules, relied on his uncle Wang Shilian and tried to move the capital to Xijing, which touched the vested interests of the powerful families. In 949, he was replaced by his younger brother Wang Zhao, Guangzong. Guangzong was one of the most important monarchs in the Korean Dynasty. Eight years after he ascended the throne, he began to transform the "Inaction" of Korean politics into "promising". He promulgated the "law for slaves and maidservants", implemented the imperial examination system, and formulated the official uniform system. With these policies of strengthening the royal power, he purged the powerful families. By means of Guangzong's iron hand and policy, the royal power of Korea was greatly stabilized, which paved the way for further social integration and order construction in the future.

In 975, Guangzong died, and his son Wang Yu succeeded to the throne. He was the king of Korea. When King Zong was in power, he stopped the Great Purge of Guangzong, appeased the powerful families, and established the tianchaike system, which laid the economic foundation of the centralized system. In 981, the deathbed biography of Jingzong was located in Wang Zhi, a cousin of gaolichengzong. Cheng Zong was no less than Guangzong. He introduced the system of Tang and Song Dynasties and established a centralized system. At the same time, he set up twelve herdsmen. He began to send officials to local areas, stipulated the tax law and rent law economically, and set up Guozijian culturally. He implemented the policy of "governing the country by Confucianism". It can be said that the national system of Korea did not take shape until it became a patriarchal clan. At the beginning of the founding of Korea, the semi independent aristocratic families were transformed into aristocrats with noble and stable status, closely linked with the central government, and formed a balance with the royal power. This was achieved on the basis of the efforts of several generations of monarchs.

As soon as Gao Li entered the track set by Chengzong, she entered a turbulent period of internal and external troubles. This period began with the Khitan invasion in the winter of 993. Koryo withdrew Khitan's troops through Xu Xi's excellent diplomatic negotiations, and obtained the land east of Yalu River given by Khitan, but its object of service changed from Song Dynasty to Khitan. In 997, Chengzong died and passed on the throne to Wang song, Jingzong's son, in order to

Chinese PinYin : Gao Li