Dongbo Yao Township, Funing County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province

Dongbo Yao nationality township

Dongbo Yao nationality township is located in the north central part of Funing County, Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province. It is adjacent to sang in the East, Guichao in the south, Xinhua and Huajia in the West and Naneng in the north. It covers a total area of 533.33 square kilometers, all of which are mountainous areas. The township government is 56.5km away from the county and 10.5km away from national highway 323.

brief introduction

The village governs 12 village committees including Dongbo, Donghong, Lina, Ana, Naha, POFU, poling, Dongtang, Balai, Nada, Nasha and sanxiangdong, with a total of 219 village groups. There are four ethnic groups, Zhuang, Han, Miao and Yao, with a permanent population of 35456 (2017). The terrain is high in the southeast and low in the southwest, with undulating mountains and continuous peaks. The highest altitude is 1518m and the lowest 470m. The climate is mild and humid, belonging to subtropical monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 19.4 ℃ and an average annual rainfall of 1199.4 mm. The area is rich in mineral resources, including gold, manganese, antimony, titanium, uranium and iron, which are of great development value; it is rich in water resources, with annual rainfall of 1280 mm, runoff of 300 million cubic meters and water energy storage capacity of 20000 kilowatts. The main stream of Nama river has the convenient conditions for developing cascade hydropower stations; the area has a tropical, subtropical and temperate climate, with unique climatic conditions It is rich in biological resources. The main economic trees are star anise, sweet bamboo, cinnamon, citrus, sugarcane, tung oil tree, Camellia oleifera, pear and grape, known as the "hometown of star anise"; the main agricultural crops are rice, Nanyang pepper, Vegetable Pea and tomato. In addition, cattle, sheep and other livestock products occupy a high proportion in Dongbo economy, and show a good momentum of development, which is the key township of cattle frozen semen improvement and promotion in this county.

History and culture

Cultural sources

Yao culture in Dongbo township has a long history. Yao originated from Mo Yao from the southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty, from the Song Dynasty, and from the yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties to the early Republic of China. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the party and the state carried out the policy of ethnic equality and determined "Yao" as the name of Yao nationality. There are many branches of Yao nationality, including Guoshan Yao (also known as pan Yao or Mian Yao), Lantian Yao (also known as indigo Yao), bapai Yao (also known as Pai Yao), Dongshan Yao, Daban Yao, etc. at present, the Yao nationality living in Dongbo mainly includes Lantian Yao, Daban Yao and Shanyao. Zhailao system is a kind of system formed by the leaders of each family gathering in Yao villages and producing highly respected people with leadership and organizational ability through democratic recommendation. It is similar to the Presbyterian system in primitive society and is still widely spread today. For a long time, the old meeting of Yao Nationality Village in Funing County was held at the temple fair on the second day of the second lunar month, mainly to formulate and improve village rules and regulations, solve village disputes, and explore some ways of economic development.

marriage

The marriage of Yao nationality is different from that of other nationalities. This is mainly reflected in the following aspects: Yao people traditionally practice intra ethnic marriage system, that is, forbidding intermarriage with other ethnic groups, which has not been found before and after the founding of the people's Republic of China for quite a long period of time; lanindigo Yao marriage generally has a strong arranged color, and parents' orders play a decisive role in the marriage; the "marriage asking" Keepsake given by the man to the woman is a packet of cut tobacco (containing 1.2 yuan) (RMB)

Arts and culture

The religious belief of Yao nationality is Taoism, and Dujie is the general name of the ceremony of Yao nationality's Taoism. literary and artistic styles are mainly flower bag throwing, oral literature and dance. There are a lot of oral literature among the Yao people, including myths, legends and stories. The more famous ones are bamboo flute, snail girl, legend of Fuxi and three sisters. Dances include "Daogong dance", "Daogong sword dance", "Daogong dance", "Shigong Tongling dance" and so on.

National customs

Housing culture

Before liberation, most of the houses were civil structures, and most of them were thatched houses. After liberation, most of the Banyao and tanyao built tile roofed houses. They thought that the houses were built on the mountain, and the people and animals were prosperous. One room has three compartments, with a width of more than two Zhang and a height of more than one Zhang. When the column was put on the beam, the carpenter also read: "go! Go! Go! There will be generations. The pillar! The pillar! All the descendants are rich, stand up! Stand up! All the descendants are rich. We should first establish the left and then the right, and all our descendants will show off. " Read and stand at the same time. On the beam, a red cloth was hung in the middle of the beam, and the four characters "good luck" were written. The house is surrounded by fences, boards or mud to avoid wind or theft. In the past, there was a saying that "nine stones and one soil, plant one mountain, eat one mountain, walk one mountain, and throw one mountain." people living in poverty moved their homes. After liberation, the party and the government paid close attention to it and tried their best to support it. Most of them had settled down, and a few had built tile roofed houses. They also changed their mode of production and improved their lives significantly.

The customs of the village elders and the clan elders

Yao people's custom of "village elder" and "nationality elder system" left over from ancient times is a system of self-respect, self love, self-government, self-improvement of traditional morality and internal affairs. The right of stockade is exercised by the stockade elders, which has existed since ancient times. Some take the village or household where they live first as the "village elder", some take "Dujie" and "Guofa" as the "village elder", and then they are decided by divine judgment, and some are democratically elected. Take the village as the unit, produce 1-4 leaders, who are the leader of the village. They are responsible for resolving production, sweeping the village, offering sacrifices to ghosts, offering sacrifices to gods, civil disputes and organizing armed forces to fight against foreign invasion and other affairs. Important matters are stipulated by everyone and supervised by the village elders. For issues involving villages, a joint meeting will be held to resolve them. After liberation, the village elders actively approached the party and the people's government. Relying on them, the party and the people's government did a lot of work beneficial to the people. Ruan Furong, Wei Enlu, Lu Wenzhong, Zhang Jinrong, Zhao Fuxian, Li Xiuying, Li Damei, Shao Chunyou and so on are the outstanding Yao village elders, who are deeply supported and loved by the masses. the clan authority is exercised by the clan elders of their own surname, who are responsible for handling the affairs within the clan. All marriages, family separation and inheritance are decided by the clan elders. The old indigo Yao people can force adult men to "Dujie", and the Banyao people also have to "pass the law" after marriage. They think that only "Dujie" or "pass the law" are the descendants of King Pan. The major events of a family are decided by the old people in the family. If the parents are alive, the property will be shared equally between the parents and the boys, and the parents will share it with each other. The old house before the death of the parents belongs to the parents, and the burial expenses for the death of the parents are shared by the sons. When parents die, brother and sister-in-law are obliged to bring up younger siblings. The orphans without brothers were adopted by grandparents, uncles or grandparents and uncles. Unmarried girls have the right to accumulate private wealth, such as indigo, peanuts, cotton and beans, which can be taken away when they get married. A family with a man as the parent, the separation between brothers is very solemn, first of all, to invite the old people to participate in the village, according to the contract.

folk custom

The Yao people worship their ancestors. The indigo Yao and the Banyao take "Pangu as their ancestor, Panhu as their bulk" and "Panwang" as their ancestor. In addition to the respect of the whole village, each family has its own ancestral genealogy and a common censer. Generally, the memorial tablet is not written. A few people who live together with Han people write "the position of emperor and teacher of heaven and earth", and some people who live together with Zhuang people write "the incense position of the ancestors' distant and near relatives in X's hall". Shan Yao did not offer sacrifices to pan Wang, but set up dragon, incense burner and memorial tablet to sacrifice their ancestors. (1) ancestor worship: heavy sacrifice and sword offering in festivals. The fifteenth day of the first month and the fifteenth day of the seventh month are festivals for ancestor worship. They kill chickens, offer wine, make paper clothes and paper money, write the names of the four generations of old people of great grandfather Gao, and offer them to their ancestors after they are burned. On the 15th of the first month, the Taoist teachers were invited to come and ask the gods to come to ensure peace. The gods of family (name of grandparents), empress Huang, God of wealth, God of land, God of grain and seedling, God of kitchen, God of medicine, God of longevity, God of Sanqing, God of commune, and God of Pangu Please come and offer sacrifices. Secondly, on March 3 or the Qingming Festival, people went to the grave to worship their ancestors with glutinous rice and wine. (2) offering sacrifices to gods. Yao people believe in many gods: Pangu, Shennong, Shehuang, Chenghuang, Yuhuang, Wenwang, Zaowang, huawang, Jingwang, Shanshen, guniang, Leigong, Damu, Sanqing, Sanyuan, mingguan, niuguan, Sishi, Wulei, Zhenwu, Weide and so on. There are more than 20 temples in yaozhai, with incense burners under the trees beside the village. They are written as follows: "Pangu great emperor, Mr. Liji of the last world", "luonong censhi great emperor, the leader of the mountain", "Jade Emperor of the upper world" and "Li she great emperor of the village". (3) wish to hold it every year. At the beginning of the year, he made a vow and prayed for the four gods' blessing and good luck; at the end of the year, he made a vow and held it at the owner's home, known as the "banquet hall" of the Jade Emperor in the three bamboo brothels. "Brothel" is made of bamboo into a square platform model, which is one foot wide and three feet five high. The top is decorated with women's handkerchief. Sooner or later, young men sing to "three brothels" to wish "King Pan" happiness. Also willing to end, the "brothel" burned to offer "Pan Wang.". In general, it's two days and two nights. In three or five days after the end of the festival, the people of the village have a common taboo: it's not allowed to pound rice, grind noodles, do needlework, dry clothes and sundries in the village. If you can't avoid it, you can do it outside the village, otherwise "God" will blame you. (4) village sweeping: once a year, it is held in early February. Each family donates money and materials to kill pigs and chickens. One person from each family comes to the site to participate in the sacrificial activities. On the one hand, it can drive away evil spirits and keep the people healthy; on the other hand, it can ask the Dragon King to release water and have a good weather, so as to plant crops according to the season. On that day, Daogong led dozens of Dujie people, one of whom carried a bowl of rice. The rest marched in the village with their swords, sticks, iron chains, dung dustbins and paper money. They danced and roared as they walked. The duanfan people scattered the rice at the end of the village, which was called exorcising ghosts and removing evils. Each family carried out sweeping activities at the same time, so as to eliminate the evils. (5) sacrifice to the Dragon: choose an auspicious day to sacrifice to the dragon in March. On that day, every household donated money and materials, slaughtered pigs and chickens, and offered "four emperors" to pray for good weather, peace of the country and the people, abundant grain and prosperous livestock. Every household had one man to participate in the ceremony, and then shared it with women

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