all classes of authors(zhū zǐ bǎi jiā)

all classes of authors

A hundred schools of thought are the general name of various academic schools in the pre Qin period. According to the records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, there are 189 works with 4324 works. Later books such as Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi and Si Ku Quan Shu Zong Mu recorded that there were thousands of schools of thought. However, there are only a few dozen of them that are widely spread, influential and most famous. To sum up, only 12 schools have been developed.

Among the hundred schools of thought, Legalists, Taoists, Mohists, Confucianists, Yinyang schools, famous schools, miscellaneous schools, farmers, novelists, political strategists, strategists and physicians are the most popular. In ancient times, China created splendid culture and art with distinct characteristics. China has a history of more than 5000 years, with abundant cultural classics.

In the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the achievements of various schools of thought and academic reflected with the ancient Greek civilization of the same period; the three philosophical systems represented by Confucius, Laozi and Mozi formed a prosperous situation in which a hundred schools of thought contend. After many twists and turns, Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius was in the upper position in the Song Dynasty; at the same time, it affected other ethnic minorities to varying degrees, even the neighboring countries of China.

interpretation

Zhuzi refers to the representatives of Guanzi, Laozi, Confucius, Zhuangzi, Mozi, Mencius, Xunzi and other academic thoughts in the pre Qin period; Baijia refers to the representatives of Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, famous school, Legalism and other academic schools. A hundred schools of thought are the general name of academic figures and schools in the pre Qin period. in the late spring and Autumn period, there were different schools of thought such as Legalists, Taoists, Confucianists, Mohists, and yinyangs, which had great social influence. In the middle of the Warring States period, there were many schools of thought, which laid a broad foundation for the development of Chinese culture. Zhuzi: it used to be called Confucius, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Xunzi, Mencius, Mozi, Guiguzi, etc. 2. Hundred schools: various schools. 3. There are many schools of thought, such as Legalists, Confucianists, Taoists, Mohists and so on. usage: combination; as object and attribute; refers to various academic schools. Example: the fifth part of the ancient house by Wang Xiyan: "we are not rigidly attached to our subordinates. We will only pursue our own purpose in life with all our strength, no matter it is a matter of teaching and learning."

Historical evolution

The genealogy of various schools of thought [pre Qin period] Wenwu Dao {obedience to nature} weizhougong Wangdao {etiquette} Xiao, jiangziya {hegemonic} {art of war} Da [spring and autumn and Warring States] Guanzi, Laozi, Confucius, Yanzi, Sunzi, Fanli, bianque, Yinwen, Liezi, Zhuangzi, tianpian, Huanglao, Yangzi, dengxi, Gongsun Longzi, Huizi, Guiguzi, Zhangyi, Suqin, sunbin, pangjuan, Mencius, Mo He is a famous scholar in the history of Chinese literature. Si Maqian, Huai Nanzi, Dong Zhongshu and Wang Chong. "Baijia" is a thinker represented by "Zi" according to the "surname" of "Baijia". The main characters are Confucius, Mencius, Mozi, Xunzi, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Liezi, Hanfeizi, Shangyang, shenbuhai, xuxing, Gaozi, Yangzi, Gongsunlong, Huizi, Sunwu, sunbin, Zhangyi, Suqin, tianpian, Shenzi, Yinwen, ZouYan, Yanzi, lvbuwei, Guanzi, Guiguzi, etc. Many thoughts of various schools of thought have left profound enlightenment for future generations. For example, the Confucian "benevolent government" and the Confucian spirit of "making profit with righteousness". It also draws lessons from Mohism's thoughts of "universal love", "respect for virtue" and "Thrift"; Taoism's thoughts of "less selfish and less desire" and "following nature"; legalism's thoughts of "abandoning private interests and establishing public affairs". "Zhuzi" refers to the thinkers and works reflecting the interests of all classes and strata in the ideological field of this period. It is also the general term of various political schools from pre Qin to Han Dynasty. It is a private school that came into being after the spring and Autumn period. in the spring and Autumn period, when the royal family declined and the vassals competed for hegemony, scholars traveled all over the world to give advice to the vassals. In the Warring States period, a situation of "a hundred schools of thought contend" was formed. Traditionally, the division of 100 families originated from Sima Tan, Sima Qian's father. In his on the essentials of the six schools, he divided the hundred schools into six schools for the first time: "Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mo, Ming, FA and Dao". Later, on the basis of Sima Tan's division, Liu Xin added "Zongheng, ZA, Nong, and novel" to ten in "qilue". Ban Gu imitated Liu Xin in Hanshu Yiwenzhi and thought that "among the ten schools of thought, only nine can be seen." Later, people went to "novelists" and called the remaining nine "Jiuliu". Since then, the ancient Chinese academic circles have followed Ban Gu, and the hundred schools have become the "nine streams". Lu Simian, a modern man, added "military and medical" to his book "an introduction to pre Qin learning", saying: "therefore, the pre Qin learning can be divided into yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mo, Ming, FA, Dao, Zongheng, ZA, Nong, novel, military and medical schools." in Chinese history, "learning" was in the government before the Western Zhou Dynasty, and gradually became popular after the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. In the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the monarchy declined and the princes vied for hegemony. In order to strengthen their own strength, all countries opened up their political power to attract talents, breaking the original aristocratic political system, so that the common people who were not qualified to participate in politics could express their political opinions and participate in political decision-making. Because of the increase of population, the land distribution was difficult, and social upheaval occurred. In this period, the intellectuals with thoughts put forward solutions and ideas in the face of social and life problems. Personal interests and the interests of the state interact, influence and innovate. Various theories and ideas emerged one after another. The fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty prompted people to think more about the rise and fall of the world, which broke the idea that ordinary people didn't talk about it, and replaced it with the active atmosphere of being a scholar. In the extensive discussion of people, affairs and society, people no longer believe in heaven, and then form different schools on how to unify the world, govern the country and educate the people. The founders and representatives of these schools are called Zhuzi, while Baijia refers to these schools. The most influential are Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism and Legalism. The figures of various schools lobbied around for some social problems, promoted their own political opinions, or wrote books. People's thoughts were unprecedentedly active, forming an unprecedentedly prosperous situation in the history of Chinese culture. The academic views of various schools of thought are reflected in their literary works, and different academic and literary schools are formed accordingly. Most of the proses of various schools of thought have distinct points of view, sharp words, full of emotion, flexible and diverse ways of expression, and have strong appeal. Therefore, the proses of various schools of thought not only have important academic value, but also have important literary value. From the perspective of the history of human civilization evolution, Zeng Bangzhe's structuralism puts forward that a hundred schools of thought and three teachings and nine streams are the early discipline classification system. Confucianism, Legalists, strategists and strategists are inclined to the fields of politics, military affairs and ethics. Mohist, Taoist, famous, medical and peasant schools are inclined to the fields of natural technology and logic. Chan, zajia, calligraphers and painters are inclined to the fields of Humanities and art, Moreover, some factors needed for the development of modern western science have sprouted in Chinese culture, such as the social ethics of Confucianism (scientific and social norms), the practical experience of Mohism (experimental techniques and methods), the clarification of Taoism (theoretical thinking insight), the systematic logic model of Taoism (holographic structure model), and the prototypes of some technological inventions. all schools of thought are the general name of various academic schools in the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period.

On historians

Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty quoted Sima Tan (the father of Sima Qian)'s views on academic schools in historical records. Sima Tan summarized the schools since the pre Qin period into six schools, namely: Yin Yang school, Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, famous school and Taoism. In Hanshu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ban Gu summarized the schools since the pre Qin period into ten schools, namely, Confucianism, Taoism, Yin Yang school, Legalism, famous school, Mohist school, political strategist, miscellaneous school, peasant family and novelist. Lu simian thought that the three strategies of "Shu Shu", "Fang Ji" and "BINGSHU" could also be called the pre Qin scholars, which could be regarded as the twelve schools.

Introduction of various schools

Legalists

Legalist school is one of the important schools in the Warring States period. It is called legalist school because it advocates ruling the country by law. In the spring and Autumn period, Guan Zhong and Zichan were the forerunners of Legalists. In the early Warring States period, Li Zhen, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Dao founded the legalist school. At the end of the Warring States period, Han Fei synthesized Shang Yang's "Fa", Shen Dao's "Shi" and Shen Buhui's "Shu", as well as the great achievement of legalism. in the traditional Chinese culture of rule of law, Qi's thought of rule of law is unique, known as the eastern Legalists or Qi Legalists. Qi state was granted by Jiang Taigong, the founder of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Boyi, the ancestor of Jiang Taigong, assisted Yu Shun in making rites, teaching, legislating and punishing. It is an important way of governing the state of Qi that the Taigong was granted the title of Qi, the etiquette was simplified and followed the custom, the law was established and the law was applied. Guan Zhong assisted Duke Huan in governing Qi. On the one hand, he regarded propriety, justice, honesty and disgrace as the pillar to maintain the country, and publicized the importance of moral education of propriety, justice, honesty and disgrace; on the other hand, he emphasized that the rule of law should be followed by both the superior and the inferior, and became the first person in Chinese history to put forward the rule of law. During the Warring States period, the state of Qi became the source of the first ideological emancipation movement and a hundred schools of thought in Chinese history. A group of Jixia who inherited and promoted Guan Zhong's thought formed Guan Zhong school. Guan Zhong school's rule of law thought, which attaches importance to law education, has become the highest achievement of the pre Qin legalist school. Xunzi, who was deeply influenced by Qi culture, also cultivated Han Fei and Li Si, two representatives of legalism. before

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