three emperors and five sovereigns(sān huáng wǔ dì)

three emperors and five sovereigns

Three emperors and five emperors are the combination of "Three Emperors" and "Five Emperors".

They are all tribal leaders or tribal alliance leaders in the primitive society of China. Because of their excellence or greatness, they are respected as "Emperors" or "Emperors" by later generations.

The three emperors refer to Suiren, Fuxi and Shennong, while the five emperors refer to Huangdi, Zhuanxu, DIHE, Yao and shun.

In Taoist classics, "former three emperors" (Tian Huang, Di Huang, Ren Huang) and "middle three emperors" (Ti Ting, Tong, you Chao) are added, and "Sui Ren, Fu Xi, Shen Nong" are listed as "post three emperors".

The "Five Emperors" in Taoist works refer to the five gods, not historical figures.

The existence time of the three emperors and five emperors, now, can not be tested, just know before the Xia Dynasty, perhaps far away from before the Xia Dynasty.

historical origin

Three Emperors

Sanhuang, the name of emperor of heaven, emperor of earth and emperor of Thailand, is recorded in historical records of the first emperor of Qin. He Tu Kuo Di Xiang: "heaven and earth were established at the beginning, with the emperor's family, indifferent to nature, and (North) extremely in the same way.". At the beginning of heaven and earth, there was a emperor, who shared the same path with the north pole, and his status was extremely noble. Lu Shi: "the affairs of the former Emperor, the former Emperor of the earth and the former Emperor are too ancient. They are not clear. The so-called things can not be fully studied, and things can not be conjectured." The later works added the former three emperors, the middle three emperors and the later three emperors on the basis of the ancient three emperors in the original sense, so they can be divided into nine emperors. < UL > < li > the former Emperor, the former Emperor, the former Emperor < / Li > < / UL > the events of the former Emperor, the former Emperor, and the former Emperor are too old and have not been seen. The so-called "things can not be fully investigated, things can not be conjectured" (the word comes from the history of Lu). After all, the records in books and biographies are limited. It is impossible to test the age of the former three emperors, their names, and how to govern the country. Only the name of the three emperors is the emperor, the emperor of the earth, and the emperor of man. According to the five virtues of Qianfu Lun, it is not clear that there were emperor, emperor of earth and emperor of man in ancient times The history of the road: the affairs of the former Emperor, the former Emperor and the former Emperor are too ancient, and they have never been heard of. The so-called "things can not be fully studied, things can not be conjectured.". "The emperor, the emperor, the emperor and the emperor are 28000 years old each.". It is said in the historical books that the emperor of heaven, the first emperor of the world after the founding of Pan Gu, had 13 brothers, named Tianling. One of them invented numbers, and then tiangan and dizhi, who were promoted as the emperor. Number of invention: zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, twenty, thirty, ten, one hundred, thousand, ten thousand. Hair tomorrow dry: Kaifeng, Zhanmeng, Rouzhao, qiangyu, Zhuyong, Tuwei, Shangzhang, Chongguang, Xuanyu, Zhaoyang. Invention: shitige, danyao, Zhixu, dahuangliao, dunyao, xieqia, LuoTan, zuogou, Weimao, dayuanxian, langdun, chifenruo. The other 12 brothers led the Ministry to occupy one side and established the country as the emperor, which lasted 18000 years. The emperor's surname is Wang, and his name is Huo, and his name is Wensheng; his other names are Tianling, Fangwu, tianwu, Tianzun, and Yuanshi Tianwang. The year-old Ji took photos of the world. The emperor's family inherited Pangu's rule, which was located on the site of Mojiao mountain in Liangzhu ancient city. It has reigned for 1800 years, from 9684 BC to 7884 BC. The supplement to Yiwei tonggua experience: "the first of the emperor's family, he was in harmony with Qianyao.". Case: the emperor's ancestors and the sun, the moon, the five stars (seven Yao) He De, that is, their status is extremely noble. "Hetu": "the five dragons see the emperor, and the emperor is tracked." Rong's note said: "the five dragons rule in the five directions, and are the gods of the five directions." The emperor's family was the ancestor of the dragon and the head of the five dragons. Later generations took "dragon" as their totem. On the name of the emperor's taboo: "there is a emperor in Guangdong, who is called the spirit of heaven and hopes to be respected strongly." ——Luo Mi's Lu Shi · pre Ji 2 · emperor Ji. This is also described in the century of kings. Heaven and earth open up, there are emperor's, Emperor's, emperor's. "Three Huang Ben Ji": the beginning of heaven and earth, the emperor's family, King mude, from the age of photography. < UL > < li > emperor of China. "The emperor's work came from the mountain of Xionger Longmen. The emperor of China is the emperor of China after tens of thousands of years. "The emperor's family is like the emperor's nine men. "Lu Shi quoted Luo Shu. At the time of the emperor, the division of Kyushu was the great Kyushu in ancient times, that is, the whole world. < UL > < li > the day after tomorrow emperor < / Li > < / UL > Sima Zhen of Tang Dynasty wrote "three Huang Ben Ji" to complete the historical records, and to supplement the history of Fuxi, Nuwa, Shennong and other ancient mythological and legendary figures and tribal leaders. After the emperor's family, they went through the Wulong, Sheti, Heluo, Liantong, Xuming, Xunfei, Yinti, chantong and shuge periods. The period of Chan and Ge began in Fuxi and Huangdi. In the yintiji before Fuxi, one of them was regarded as the empress emperor by later generations, that is suirenshi. After Suiren's family, there were Fuxi and Nuwa's, and Shengde's, who became the emperor of later generations.

"Zhou Li · chunguan · waishi": "in charge of the book of three emperors and five emperors." Generally speaking, those who talk about ancient history must say "Three Emperors and five emperors". The "Five Emperors" are still behind the "Three Emperors", which are generally recognized as the cultural ancestors of the Chinese nation.

The name of the "Three Emperors" is not found in the Scriptures, and there are different opinions about their composition. However, in Shangshu Dazhuan, Suiren, Fuxi and Shennong are regarded as the "Three Emperors", which is also held in ancient books such as fengshitongyin, Baihu Tongyi, and gushikao. The most popular three emperors are Fuxi, Shennong and renhuang.

According to the records of ancient books, there are different opinions and no final conclusion. According to the historical records of the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, the emperor of heaven, the emperor of earth and the emperor of Thailand are the three emperors. It seems that the emperor of Tai is the emperor of man. "The emperor of Thailand asked Tai Yi," which of heaven, earth and human resources is the most urgent? " "Historical records of the first emperor of Qin Dynasty" says: "in ancient times, there were emperor of heaven, emperor of earth, emperor of Thailand, and emperor of Thailand was the most expensive." Sima Zhen Suoyin: "according to the emperor, under the emperor is Yuntai emperor, when the emperor also. In Fengchan book, it is said that "in the past, the emperor Taidi made Su Nu cry and mourn." Gai Sanhuang was formerly known as the emperor of Thailand. One cloud, the emperor of Thailand, the emperor of Taihao. " In 221 BC (the 26th year of the first emperor of Qin Dynasty), Lisi said that there were three emperors in ancient times, among which the Thai emperor was the most expensive. Emperor Tai, later known as emperor Ren, evolved into the legendary Taihao Fuxi. < li > < li > Emperor Century takes Fuxi, Shennong and Huangdi as the three emperors. Three Character Classic: from Xinong to Huangdi. The third emperor, who lived in the world. (Fuxi, Shennong and Huangdi) < / Li > < li > < li > in Tongjian waiji, Fuxi, Shennong and Gonggong are the three emperors. According to yundoushu and yuanmingbao, the three emperors were Fuxi and Shennong, as well as Nuwa, who established a marriage system to create human beings. In Weishu of Han Dynasty, the three emperors were called the emperor of heaven, the emperor of earth and the emperor of man. Later, in Taoism, the three emperors were divided into three groups: the first three emperors were in the shape of human beings; the middle three emperors were in the shape of human beings; the second three emperors were in the shape of snake or dragon; the second three emperors were in the shape of dragon, namely Fuxi; the second three emperors were in the shape of snake, namely Nvwa; and the third three emperors were in the shape of cow, namely Shennong.

Five Emperors

"Emperor" originally refers to the five gods, and it was only after the Warring States period (some say the Han Dynasty) that it was replaced by the name of human historical figures. The five gods are called the myth of the five emperors. Zhou Li Tian Guan "worships Five Emperors", which are the Eastern Qing emperor, the southern Red Emperor, the central Yellow Emperor, the Western White Emperor and the northern black emperor. The "Five Emperors" in Wang Yi's Chu Ci Xi song in the Eastern Han Dynasty are the five gods, namely, the eastern Taihao, the Southern Yan Emperor, the western Shaohu, the northern Zhuanxu and the central Yellow Emperor. The "Five Emperors" added by later generations have different views as follows:

Huangdi (Xuanyuan), Qingdi (Fuxi) and CHIDI are also called Yandi (Shennong), Baidi (SHAOHAO) and Heidi (Zhuanxu). As for the five ancient emperors, there are different opinions. Generally speaking, they are Huangdi, Zhuanxu, Diku, Yao and shun.

Huangdi, Zhuanxu, Diku, Yao and Shun are listed as five emperors in Shiben, dadailiji and Shiji.

In the book of rites, the five emperors are Da Hu (Fuxi), Yan Di, Huang Di, Shao Hu (SHAOHAO) and Zhuan Xu.

In the preface to Shangshu and Emperor Century, SHAOHAO, Zhuanxu, Gaoxin, Yao and Shun were regarded as five emperors.

The word "Five Emperors" does not appear in Mencius, but only mentions "three kings and five tyrants". In Xunzi, the word "Five Emperors" comes before "three kings", but there is no name. According to LV Buwei's twelfth period, the five emperors were the gods in charge of the four directions, the four seasons and the five elements. Huangdi was in the middle, with tude; Dahu lived in the East, with mude, and ruled spring, also known as Chundi; Yandi lived in the south, with Huode, and ruled summer, also known as Yandi; Shaohu lived in the west, with Jinde, and ruled autumn, also known as Baidi; Zhuanxu lived in the north, with shuide, and ruled winter, also known as Heidi.

Huangdi, Zhuanxu, DIHE, Yao and Shun (the book of rites of Dadai);

Xi (Fuxi), Shennong, Huangdi, Yao and Shun (Warring States Policy);

Tai Hao, Yan Di, Huang Di, Shao Hao and Zhuan Xu (Lu's spring and Autumn Annals);

Huangdi, SHAOHAO, Zhuanxu, DIHE and Yao (Zizhi Tongjian waiji);

SHAOHAO, Zhuanxu, DIHE, Yao and shun

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