art of war and books on that(liù tāo sān lüè)

Liu Tao, San Lue

Liu Tao and San Lue are important military works in ancient China. Later, it generally refers to the book of war and the art of war. It is a representative work reflecting ancient Chinese military thought.

Liu Tao

LiuTao, also known as Taigong LiuTao and Taigong's art of war, is the art of war part of Taigong, a famous book of Huanglao Taoism in the pre Qin period. Broad and profound content, profound thinking and rich logic and rigorous logic are the important components of China's classical military cultural heritage. China's ancient military thoughts are concentrated in the essence. This book was first included in "Sui Shu · Jing Ji Zhi", entitled "written by Jiang Wang, the teacher of King Wen of Zhou Dynasty". Jiang Wang is Lu Wang. But since the Song Dynasty, it has been questioned. From the analysis of the book's content, style of writing and cultural relics unearthed in recent years, we can roughly conclude that LiuTao is a classic of Huang Laodao family in the Warring States period. The book consists of six volumes and sixty chapters. The content of Liu Tao is very extensive, involving almost all the issues related to war and other aspects. The most wonderful part is its strategic and tactical theory.

The book was written by Taigong Wang (i.e. LV Shang and Jiang Ziya) in the early Zhou Dynasty. It was compiled in the form of dialogue between Taigong and King Wen and King Wu. There was a record in the Taoist category of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, the National Library Catalogue of the Western Han Dynasty, which said: "there are 237 chapters in Taigong, 81 chapters in Mou, 71 chapters in Yan and 85 chapters in Bing." Ban Gu noted that "Lv Wang was the father of Zhou Shishang, who was originally a Taoist." Shen Qin and Han of Qing Dynasty said: those who plot are Taigong's conspiracy, those who speak are Taigong's golden chamber, and those who fight are Taigong's art of war. However, since the Southern Song Dynasty, Taigong LiuTao has been suspected to be a fake book, especially in the Qing Dynasty. However, in April 1972, a large number of bamboo slips were found in the Han Dynasty Tombs in Yinque County, Linyi City, Shandong Province, including more than 50 pieces of Taigong. This proves that Taigong has been widely spread at least in the Western Han Dynasty, and the theory of fake books is also true

The six Taos, with the titles of Wen, Wu, long, Hu, Bao and dog, is a volume with 61 chapters and nearly 20000 words.

Volume I

Wentao is divided into twelve chapters, including Wenshi, Yingxu, Guowu, Dali, Mingfu, liushou, Shoutu, Shouguo, Shangxian, Juxian, reward and punishment, BingDao. It mainly discusses how to enrich the country's actual strength and prepare for war in material and spiritual aspects. For example, at home, we should first enrich the country and strengthen the people, educate and train the people so that they can unite as one and share a common hatred with the enemy; at abroad, we should grasp the situation of the enemy and keep our own secrets, so as to be invincible.

Volume two

Wu Tao is divided into five chapters: FA Qi, Wen Qi, Wen Sha, Shun Qi, and San Yi. Some editions put "Bing Dao" before "San Yi". This volume mainly deals with the strategies of gaining political power and fighting against the enemy. It emphasizes that before fighting, we must know the situation of both sides of the enemy like the palm of our hand, make comparison, and overcome the enemy's shortcomings with our own strengths in order to win.

Volume three

There are 13 chapters in Longtao, such as Wang Yi, Lun Jiang, Xuan Jiang, Zhu Jiang, Jiang Wei, Li Jun, Yin Fu, Yin Shu, Junshi, Qibing, Wuyin, Bingzheng and nongqi. It mainly discusses the art of military command and force deployment, and points out that in war, we should mobilize the other party, choose generals, be strict in discipline, and then take action Determine how to issue orders and communicate information. It is also pointed out that attention should be paid to the favorable weather, location, weaponry and material supply.

Volume four

Hu Tao is divided into twelve chapters, such as military, San Zhen, Ji Zhan, Bi Chu, Jun Lue, Lin Jing, Dong Jing, Jin Gu, Jue Dao, Lue Di, Huo Zhan and Lei Xu. It mainly discusses tactics and other problems that should be paid attention to in wide area operations.

Volume V

Baotao is divided into eight chapters: linzhan, tuzhan, bangqiang, Diwu, shanbing, Zebing, Shaozhong and fenhan. It mainly discusses the tactics and other problems that should be paid attention to in various special terrain operations.

Volume 6

"Dog Tao" is divided into ten parts, such as "separation and combination", "Wu Feng", "Lian Shi", "Jiao Zhan", "Jun Bing", "Wu Che Shi", "Wu Chivalry", "Zhan Qi", "Zhan Che", "Zhan bu", etc. It mainly discusses how the coaches and the selected soldiers and various arms cooperate with each other in order to give full play to the efficiency of the army.

historical significance

Taigongwang's LiuTao is a book that integrates the military thoughts of Huanglao Taoism in the pre Qin period. The basic theories and categories of LiuTao are mostly from Taoism. It advocates that the weak is superior to the strong, the obscure is not revealed, and the quiet is mysterious. At the same time, it quotes the book of Huangdi and discusses the theories and principles of governing the country, the army and guiding the war through the dialogue between King Wen and King Wu of Zhou and LV Wang The military thought of the Qing Dynasty has a great influence, and is known as the ancestor of strategists. Sima Qian's "Shiji · qitaigong aristocratic family" said: "the words of later generations and the Yin power of Zhou Dynasty. They are all based on Taigong. " During the reign of Shenzong Yuanfeng in the Northern Song Dynasty, LiuTao was listed as one of the seven books of Wujing. Liu Tao was introduced into Japan in the 16th century and Europe in the 18th century. Now it has been translated into Japanese, French, Korean, Vietnamese, English, Russian and other languages.

It is generally believed that this book was written in the Warring States period. Taoist priest Liang Xingyang referred to six Taos of Taigong, art of war of Taigong and three strategies of Huangshi Gong

Sun-Lue

Related information

Huangshi Gong sanlue, also known as sanlue, is a famous military work in ancient China. It belongs to the military book of Taoism. It is said that the author is Huangshi Gong, a Taoist hermit in the early Han Dynasty. It was Sima Qian who first mentioned this book. It is recorded in historical records. Liuhou aristocratic family that Zhang Liang failed to assassinate Qin Shihuang. He was hunted down and was forced to hide in xiapi (today's Pixian County, Jiangsu Province). Here he met an old man who called himself Huangshi at the foot of Gucheng mountain, and gave him the art of war of Taigong (also known as "three strategies of Huangshi Gong"), which was not recorded in history. Zhang liangdeshu devoted himself to research, and later helped Liu Bang to win the world and establish the political power of the Western Han Dynasty. However, according to textual research, Huangshi Gong San Lue was not written before the middle of the Western Han Dynasty. It was compiled by later generations on the basis of absorbing the excellent military thoughts of the pre Qin Dynasty, summarizing the experience of political rule and military management in the early Qin and Han Dynasties, and in the name of predecessors.

Content summary

Huangshi Gong sanlue consists of three parts: Shanglue, zhonglue and xialue, with a total of more than 3800 words. Different from the previous military book, it is a special military book on strategy, especially focusing on political strategy, which is a remarkable feature of the book. It is the first monograph on Strategy in ancient China. Another feature of sanlue is that it quotes a large number of ancient military books, such as Junchen and Junshi, to express its thoughts. It quotes more than 700 words, accounting for more than 1 / 6 of the whole book. So he retained some of the two lost military essentials for later generations.

Sanlue Shanglue has more than 2100 words, which accounts for more than half of the whole book. The main contents are as follows: 1. Emphasis on the people-oriented and military oriented ideas, and focus on winning the hearts and minds of the people. This is also the core of the book's political strategy. At the beginning of sanlue, it is pointed out that the law of the husband's general (governing and commanding) is to win the heart of the hero, reward the salary and make contributions, and make contributions to the public. Therefore, if you are good with others, you will not succeed; if you are evil with others, you will not be destroyed. From a strategic point of view, this paper points out the importance of people's support for the country. The heroes here refer to the literati and military generals with outstanding virtue and talent, and the people who are dedicated to the masses refer to the people and the common people. It not only emphasizes the heart of the hero, but also points out that the will of the monarch should be connected with the people, and that the upper and lower should be united, which reflects its people-oriented thought.

According to sanlue, the hero is the leader of the country; the common people are the foundation of the country. If you can do what you want and accept what you want, then you can do what you want without complaining. It also points out that the way of husband serving the country depends on the virtuous and the people, and the "virtuous" here is also the hero. Sanlue attaches great importance to winning the hearts of heroes. The hearts of the people think that heroes should not only make the virtuous like the heart of the heart, but also get the city cut, the earth split, the wealth scattered, and be rewarded according to the merit, and the reward should not exceed the time. For the common people, it emphasizes that we should give wide benefits and love the people, and the specific measures should be as follows: cultivate the mulberry, do not seize the time; pay less taxes and collect, do not need the money; pay less corvee, In this way, we can not only gain the support of the people, but also increase the national strength.

The three strategies also quoted the military prophecy: to build up a country, we must be gracious first; to conquer a country, we must be nurturing the people first. It emphasizes that to make the country rich, we must make the people rich first. Only when the country is rich and the people are strong, can we defeat the enemy. From the point of view of attracting people's hearts, the three strategies points out that the essence of governing the country and unifying the army lies in observing the hearts of the people and carrying out all kinds of tasks, that is, observing the psychological characteristics and changes of all kinds of people, taking corresponding countermeasures, listing 20 people with different mentality, and proposing governance measures one by one. The general principle is to eliminate hostile people and strive for all available people.

The people-oriented thought in the three strategies is embodied in the military strategy, that is, the army oriented thought, which emphasizes the role of soldiers in the war. It holds that those who unite the army and hold power will also win; those who defeat the enemy will also win. He who overcomes the masses with a few is kind; he who overcomes the strong with a weak is the people. It is pointed out that if the three armed forces can be united as one, they can win the whole.

The military thought in sanlue is a great progress in the history of ancient Chinese military thought. ② He advocated that the rule of state and the army should be combined with softness, weakness, rigidity and strength according to the development and changes of specific conditions. In the words of military prophecy, sanlue points out that softness can control hardness, and weakness can control strength. It also explains that softness is virtue; hardness is thief (disaster). weak

Chinese PinYin : liù tāo sān lüè