thinking & walking(gé wù zhì zhī)

thinking & walking

Learning from things is a Chinese idiom, Pinyin is g é w ù zh ì zh ī, which means to explore the principles of things, so as to obtain wisdom (or experience) from it. From the book of rites · Da Xue: "knowledge comes from understanding things, and then from understanding things."

Learning by seeking things is an important concept in ancient Chinese Confucianism. It is a theory of Confucianism that specializes in the study of things. It has been lost. It originates from the eight items of the book of rites, namely, learning by seeking things, sincerity, integrity, self-cultivation, regulating the family, governing the country, and pacifying the world, which states that "those who want to be sincere should first learn; learning by seeking things.". The first thing is to know the truth, the second is to know the truth. However, only this paragraph in Da Xue mentions "learning by learning by learning by learning by learning", but it does not give any explanation afterwards, and there is no reference meaning of the two words "learning by learning" and "learning by learning" used in any ancient books before Qin Dynasty, so the real meaning of "learning by learning by learning by learning by learning by learning by learning by learning by learning by learning by learning by learning by learning by learning by learning by learning by learning by learning". The sixth edition of modern Chinese dictionary, published in 2012, interprets "learning from things" as: "studying the principles of things to acquire knowledge."

Pinyin

géwùzhìzhī ㄍㄜˊㄨˋㄓˋㄓ

The original meaning of words

Case: research; to: seek. Explore the principle of things, so as to obtain wisdom (or experience). 2. The ability to make you know the style of things, and then make you know all kinds of life. [from] the book of rites · Da Xue: "knowledge comes from the understanding of things, and then the understanding comes from the understanding of things." "The so-called knowledge in the study of things, words to my knowledge, in the matter and poor its reason." [example] Gu Pi's western learning is based on the study of things. China is not alone. Why is it that the wisdom of the people is the same? In Yanfu's yuanqiang, the serial verb is used as predicate, which refers to the acquisition of knowledge by studying the principles of things. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan was the first to annotate "learning by studying things". Since the song Confucianism separated Da Xue from the book of rites and became a part of the four books, the significance of "learning by studying things" has gradually become a hot topic debated by later Confucians. According to Zhu Xi's theory in the Southern Song Dynasty, the popular interpretation of "learning from things" in the society holds that "learning from things" is to study things and obtain knowledge and truth. learning from things: understand the essence of things and master the source of knowledge. (Ling Luoshi) the explanation of the 637 volumes of the whole Tang Dynasty text is as follows: he said: "dare to ask what is the meaning of" Zhi Zhi Zai Ge Wu " He said, "things are all things. He who is qualified comes and ends. When things arrive, their hearts are clear and clear, and those who do not belong to them are Zhizhi and Zhizhi. Knowing the sincerity of intention, the sincerity of intention leads to the rightness of heart, the rightness of heart leads to the self-cultivation, the self-cultivation leads to the unification of family, the unification of family leads to the harmony of state, and the harmony of state leads to the peace of the world. Therefore, those who can participate in heaven and earth also. "The book of restoration"

seek truth from facts

"Seeking knowledge from things" contains the spirit of "seeking truth from facts", but its connotation is far richer than "seeking truth from facts". The difference between the popular views and Zhu Xi's is the explanation of "Zhi Zhi". Zhu Xi's so-called "knowledge" is knowledge, which includes wisdom, experience and knowledge. However, the modern popular view of "knowledge" only refers to knowledge. This kind of concept variation may be due to the influence of the popular materialism in today's society.

Pseudo science

Although Zhu Xi is a great Confucianist in the history of Confucianism, the reason why his view of "learning from things" has become the mainstream in later generations is not because he has won the general approval of later generations of Confucian scholars. In fact, Zhu Xi's theory was also denounced as "pseudo learning" because of political partisanship in the Southern Song Dynasty, and many later Confucianists also strongly criticized Zhu Xi's theory of "learning from things". But because Zhu Xi's "Si Shu Ji Zhu" in the middle of the Yuan Dynasty was officially adopted as the imperial examination criteria, and since the Ming Taizu began to respect Zhu Xi's theory as the only official ideological authority on the "Si Shu", Zhu Xi's theory has become the official dogma of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which lasted more than 500 years. Therefore, Zhu Xi's view on "learning from things" has become a popular view in later society under the authority of official dogma for hundreds of years. Therefore, in the Westernization school in the late Qing Dynasty, physics, chemistry and other disciplines were called "Gezhi", which is the abbreviation of "Gewu Zhizhi".

Historical point of view

The true meaning of "learning from things" has been an eternal mystery in the history of Confucianism. From Zheng Xuan of the Eastern Han Dynasty, who was the first to annotate the great learning, to the modern Confucian scholars, there has been a debate for more than 1000 years, and there is still no final conclusion. At the end of Ming Dynasty, Liu Zongzhou said, "there are 72 lawsuits in ancient and modern times." From Liu Zongzhou to now, it has lasted for more than 300 years, adding many different opinions. The following is an example of the main interpretations of Confucianism in the past 1000 years

Eastern Han Dynasty

[Zheng Xuan] the origin of things depends on people's knowledge, habits and preferences. "Gee, come on. Things are like things. If he knows well, he will be good at things. If they know evil deeply, they come from evil things. It's a good thing to say. This may be the best

the tang dynasty

[Kong Yingda] things come from people's knowledge, habits and preferences. "If you can learn, you will know. Greg, come on. If you know what you already know, you can come from things; if you know what is good, you can come from good things; if you know what is evil, you can come from evil things. It is said that good deeds come with good deeds and evil deeds come with evil deeds. The good and the evil come from the good. When things come, they know what is good and what is evil. If a good thing comes, you will know the good; if a bad thing comes, you will know the evil. If you know it, you can do good, but not evil. " [Li Ao] the feeling of all things is clear in my heart. "All things are the same. He who is qualified comes and ends. When things arrive, their hearts are clear and clear, and those who do not belong to them are Zhizhi. "

Northern Song Dynasty

[Sima Guang] resist the temptation of foreign things, and then know the virtue. "There is nothing wrong with human relations, good but evil, admiration for right but shame. However, those who are good and right are few, while those who are evil and not are many. Why? They are all lured by things, forced by things, and whirled to the knowledge of mo. wealth and wealth flow their wisdom, and poverty and lowliness cloud their hearts, so they are also "Ge, you Jian also, Yu also. He can resist external things, and then he can know the Tao. Perhaps Zheng's idea of "Ge" is not the same as that of the ancients Shen [Cheng Hao] studied the truth of things, and his intellectual nature was not subject to external things. "Ge, Zhi.". If we are poor in reason, we will be exhausted in physics. " "When things come, you will know, and when things come, you will pay for them separately. If you don't serve your knowledge, you will be sincere. If you want to be sincere and self determined, you will have a correct mind and start to learn. " Cheng Yi studied the truth of things so that he knew the truth from his heart. "The case is still poor, the things are still reasonable, and the saying is just poor. If you are poor, you will be able to achieve it. If you are not poor, you will not be able to achieve it. " "Everything in front of us is just a thing, and everything is reasonable. As for the reason why the fire is hot and the water is cold, the relationship between the monarch and his officials, father and son, is rational. " "Ge, to also, that poor to physics also." "Ask:" is the object external? Is it in sex He said, "whatever you are, there is nothing in front of you. Everything is reasonable, such as fire is hot, water is cold. As for the relationship between the monarch and his subjects and between the father and the son, it is reason. " "The case is still poor, and the things are still reasonable. It's just poor and reasonable." "Things are just like things. There is nothing wrong with being unreasonable. "

Southern Song Dynasty

Zhu Xi studied the truth of things, which made the understanding reach the utmost. "Ge, Zhiye. Things are like things. Poverty comes from the reason of things. If you want to go to the extreme, you can't help it. " "The so-called knowledge in the study of things, words to my knowledge, in the matter and poor its reason. There is no doubt that the spirit of the human heart is well known, while the things in the world are well founded. But the reason is not poor, so its knowledge is not enough. Starting teaching with the great learning, we must make scholars, that is, all things in the world, become poorer and poorer because of their known principles, so as to reach the extreme. As for the long time of exerting force, once we have a clear understanding, the surface of all things will be fine and rough, and the great use of my heart will be unknown. This is called Wu Ge, and this is called Zhi Zhi Zhi. " "Therefore, the way to know is to treat things as they are. The most extreme is the case. Such as "the case in Wenzu" of the case, poor words and its extreme also [Lu Jiuyuan] cultivate one's mind and nature, not be led by things, and return to the knowledge of heaven. "Heaven and I are the same heart. Everyone has his heart, and his heart is reason, and his heart is reason. " "This is what the heaven is for me, not from the outside. If you understand this, you are the master. If you really can give priority to it, then you can't move things, and you can't confuse heresies. " "The heart can't park one thing, just stand on its own, the heart has nothing to do. If there is spirit, it is good to go out immediately; if it goes all the time, it is bad. He who studies things, he who studies things. Fuxi also tried his best to raise his ears. Otherwise, the so-called Gewu is just the end. " "At the beginning of learning, there must be a sign of self doubt in the second place of learning; at the end of learning, there must be a fact of self conquering. This is the ancient people's contribution to learning from things." [Li Liwu] he studies the content of things described in the great learning. "Things have their roots and ends, referring to the mind, body, home, country and the world. There is an end to everything, which refers to the following aspects: quality, integrity, integrity, repair, integrity, governance and peace. The world pushed by the mind and body is from the beginning to the end. From peaceful rule to Gewu, there must be a beginning. " "To understand things is to know the beginning and the end of things, to know the beginning and the end of things, and to know the beginning and the end of things. What comes out of the body and mind of a man, and what comes out of the country and the world! "

the ming dynasty

[Wang Yangming] correct the business and material environment, and achieve self conscience noumenon. "Zhizhi" is not the so-called expansion of the knowledge of the later Confucians, but also the conscience of my heart. Mencius said that everyone has his conscience. Right and wrong, not to worry about and know, not to learn and can, is so called conscience. yes

Chinese PinYin : gé wù zhì zhī