Half Analects governing the world(bàn bù lún yǔ zhì tiān xià)

Half Analects governing the world

According to the research of relevant expert Professor Song Dingguo, the so-called theory that "half of the Analects governs the world" never came out before Zhao Pu and the whole Northern Song Dynasty, until Zhu Xi's death in the Southern Song Dynasty (1200 years). When Zhu Xi called the Analects of Confucius, Mencius, the great learning and the doctrine of the mean four books and included them in Confucian classics, and publicized Confucianism, there were no relevant records. This statement came out 20 or 30 years after Zhu Xi's death. But it was in the Yuan Dynasty that this theory really spread. However, it was in the Yuan Dynasty that Confucianism and scholars were extremely despised. The so-called "nine Confucians and ten beggars" means that the status of Confucian scholars and beggars is equal. This is the origin of the saying that Confucian scholars are called "Lao Jiu". The so-called "half Analects governing the world" is a line of Gao Wenxiu, a dramatist at that time, in the drama "meeting the emperor". It is just a kind of self boasting mentality of the neglected Confucian scholars by masturbating. Because the Confucians, after all, act as the teachers of private schools and occupy the vast stage of social education, and the drama is easy to spread, this line deliberately exaggerates the function of the Analects and the role of the Confucians is welcomed by the Confucians, especially those who can recite the Analects backwards, and is widely spread.

Discrimination of words

The allusion that "half of the Analects of Confucius governs the world" first came from the death of Zhu Xi (1130-1200) in the Southern Song Dynasty. The first allusion was written by a man named Lin Peng (the exact date of birth and death is unknown). The first volume of the Analects of Confucius, the eighth volume of the first volume of the Analects of Confucius, recorded: "Zhao Pu, a generation of distinguished officials, went to the East and the west to discuss everything. He had nothing to do except for what he learned." There are no other books that Zhao Pu studied except the Analects of Confucius. At the bottom of this passage, there is a small note, which says: "Zhao Pu said:" twenty chapters of the Analects of Confucius, I will help Taizu determine the world with half. ". Another person related to this allusion is Luo Da Jing (about 1196-1252), who lived at the same time as Lin Fei. There is such a record in his book Helin Yulu: "Du Shaoling's poem says:" children's learning ends in the Analects of Confucius, and children end up with merchants. " The Analects of Confucius is also a book for children. Zhao Pu's reappearance is said to be from the east of Pushan mountain, and his readers stop at the Analects of Confucius Taizong tried to ask Pu in this way, and said to him, "I know nothing about this in my life. In the past, it was the emperor's semi assistant, but now it's the emperor's semi assistant. " This record shows that the Analects was "a book for children" at that time, and Zhao Pu, who was a private school teacher, was naturally familiar with it. In addition to the words in the first half of the sentence, Luo Dajing also added the second half of the sentence "I want to assist your majesty to bring peace" and explained the specific time. After "Zhao Pu re Xiang", I heard people say that Zhao Pu read only the Analects of Confucius. So song Taizong asked Zhao Pu about it. Zhao Pu did not hide anything and said the above Words. However, Luo Dajing didn't directly say that Zhao Pu "half of the Analects governs the world", but the meaning of Luo Dajing was perfunctorily interpreted as "half of the Analects governs the world", which originated from Gao Wenxiu, a famous dramatist of the Yuan Dynasty (the exact date of birth and death is unknown). In the third part of his Zaju Quwen, a good wine meets the emperor, there is such a sentence: "every time a great event is decided, it is the Analects of Confucius to open the text and watch the book. At this time, it is said that a small official ruled the world with half of the Analects of Confucius." However, the story of "good wine meets the emperor" is not Zhao Pu's story, and it should not be used as a basis for discussing historical issues. However, the sentence "half of the Analects governs the world" not only becomes a derivative of Luo Dajing's above words, which is associated with Zhao Pu, but also spread widely with the help of zaju, a popular literary form, to the extent that it makes the world more prosperous People who are superstitious in the Analects of Confucius are keen to talk about it.

question

In the history of Song Dynasty, Zhao Pu's biography did not mention this matter at all. The words related to the Analects of Confucius only include: "the common people study official affairs, lack academic knowledge, and be the prime minister. Taizu often advised them to study. In his later years, he would not let go of his books. Every time he returned to his private home, he would open his suitcase and pick up his books. And the next day when he was in power, he was executed like a stream. Since Hong, his family sent a suitcase to see, then the Analects of Confucius 20 also However, this theory is not mentioned in Zhao Pu's shendaobei written by Song Taizong (Zhao Guangyi) himself and the chronicles of the nine dynasties of the Northern Song Dynasty compiled by Li Tao (1115-1184), a historian of the Song Dynasty. First, according to the records of the history of the Song Dynasty, "the common people studied official affairs, lacked academic knowledge, and were the prime ministers. Taizu often advised them to study. I can't put it down in my old age Since Hong, his family sent a suitcase to see, then the Analects of Confucius 20 also In his early years, Zhao Pu learned and was familiar with "official affairs" (which was related to his family), while "lack of academic knowledge" meant that he had no skills. After becoming prime minister, because he could not adapt to the post of prime minister and Zhao Kuangyin's requirements, he made many foreign appearances, so Zhao Kuangyin, the song Taizu, often advised him to study. When he was "old age", he couldn't put it down. After he died, he found that what he read was actually the Analects of Confucius. Such a historical fact shows that since Zhao Pu was advised to read more books by song Taizu after he became prime minister, but in his later years, it was only the Analects of Confucius, which shows that his first appointment as prime minister when Zhao Kuangyin was Emperor had nothing to do with the Analects of Confucius, then the words "in the past half aided Taizu to rule the world" written by Luo Da Jing do not conform to historical facts If it is true, it should be mentioned in Zhao Puzhuan, the history of Song Dynasty. However, this is not the case. Although the compilation of the history of the Song Dynasty was put on the agenda as early as in the early Yuan Dynasty when Kublai Khan was in power, it was only in 1343 that Prime Minister Tuotuo (1314-1356) presided over the compilation. After Tuotuo resigned in 1344, right Prime Minister alutu (the date of birth and death is unknown) took over the compilation. It took only two and a half years to complete the compilation in a hurry, resulting in the failure of the Song Dynasty The editing, arrangement, modification and correction of historical materials, as well as the modification of characters and the style of the whole book are quite rough. But the history of the Song Dynasty is the most systematic and comprehensive historical book to preserve the official historical materials and private works of the Song Dynasty, so it has a high historical value. At that time, the four books, including the Analects of Confucius, had been officially regarded as the legal textbook and the standard of imperial examination. Zhao Pu's theory that "half of the Analects of Confucius governs the world" had been popular for many years. Since the history of Song Dynasty was Zhao Pu's biography, it didn't mention a word about it, which shows that even its compilers didn't believe it was a historical fact. Thirdly, the reason why Zhao Guangyi (939-997), the Emperor Taizong of Song Dynasty, was able to follow the historical trend Zhao Pu came up with a lot of ideas when he became emperor and sat on the throne. Therefore, the aspect he was removed by song Taizu was restored as soon as Song Taizong ascended the throne. The relationship between Zhao Pu and Song Taizong is extraordinary, which can be seen from the fact that Song Taizong personally wrote Zhao Pu's shendaobei for him. If Zhao Pu really said in front of the Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty that "in the past, he used to help the emperor Taizu to set the world, but now he wants to help his majesty to bring peace" and so on, why didn't Zhao Pu mention anything in the tablet? Since Song Taizu, the guiding ideology of "emphasizing literature but neglecting martial arts" in Song Dynasty, such as "half of the Analects governing the world" is so beneficial to this guiding ideology. If it is true, it would be unreasonable for the rulers not to take advantage of it. fourth, Li Tao, a historian who lived in the late Northern Song Dynasty and early Southern Song Dynasty and was only 15 years older than Zhu Xi, was in the prevalence of Neo Confucianism, including the Analects Fifth, Zhu Xi, who regarded the Analects of Confucius as one of the "four books" and regarded it as a must read classic of Confucianism, and elevated it to the supreme position, is familiar with the historical facts of Zhao Pu's three times as prime minister and has made great achievements, If there is such a thing as "half of the Analects governs the world", how logical it would be for Zhu Xi to raise the value of the Analects! And from Zhu Xi's painstaking attribution of "collecting many vassal powers" to Zhao Pu in his works, it shows that his intention does exist. Zhu Xi said: "King Zhao Han (that is, Zhao Pu) helped Taizu to live in the world. He received many powers from vassals and established the country for two hundred years. Is it not the merit of benevolence?" Even if Zhao Pu is completely responsible for "taking over many vassal towns", it would be a boast to say that "the two hundred years' peace of the country" is based on this, because in the 180 years of the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127), the invasion of Liao and Jin Dynasties in the North has not been stopped. How can "the two hundred years' peace of the country" be achieved? What do you say about "benevolent people's work"? Regardless of such historical facts, Zhao Pu, as a civil servant, urged song Taizu to remove the power of founding military generals, which was hard to get rid of by competing for favor and raising his relationship by suppressing the power of military officials! It can't be regarded as "benevolence and righteousness"! However, Zhu Xi so exaggerates to publicize Zhao Pu's "benevolent work!" However, the most excellent evidence such as "half of the Analects governs the world" has not been used, which can only show that there was no "half of the Analects governs the world" in Zhu Xi's time. all the above historical facts show without exception that the so-called "half of the Analects governs the world" theory had not come out before Zhao Pu's life, the whole Northern Song Dynasty, and even before Zhu Xi's life in the Southern Song Dynasty, that is, 1200 years ago. In Zhu Xi

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