Zhu Siben

Zhu Siben

Zhu Siben (1273 -?) Originally, it was named Zhenyi. It was born in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province (now Fuzhou). Geographer of Yuan Dynasty.

Seclusion into Tao

Born in 1273, his grandfather became an official in the imperial examination and served as the magistrate of Huaiyin county. Father is not official. After entering the Yuan Dynasty, the family began to fall. At the end of 1275, Fuzhou was occupied by the yuan army. The pain of the Song Dynasty's death shrouded Zhu Siben's family. The elders held a non cooperative attitude with the new dynasty and resolutely refused to serve Yuan Dynasty. The mentality of the elders, who are tired of the world and despise fame and wealth, has a great influence on the young Zhu Siben. Zhu Siben, less than 14 years old, once went to Longhushan in Xinzhou (now Shangrao, Jiangxi Province) to learn Taoism. Longhushan is the center of Zhengyi sect of Taoism, which has been preached since the fourth generation of Zhang Tianshi. During the Yuanping period, Zhang Zongyan, the thirty-six Dynasties' Heavenly Master, was called to the throne. Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, ordered him to lead the Taoism in Jiangnan. Later, his apprentice Zhang liusun left Dadu, built Chongzhen palace in Liangjing, took charge of the temple affairs, and was awarded the master of metaphysics. In the 24th year of the Zhiyuan Dynasty (1287), his apprentice Wu Quanjie went to Dadu to help his grandchildren deal with educational affairs. It was not long before Zhu Siben entered the mountain. Over the next ten years, he has been concentrating on learning Taoism, and his position in Longhushan has been rising with his high cultural quality. In the third year of Dade (1299) of yuanchengzong, Zhu Siben was ordered by Zhang liusun, the great master of metaphysics, to leave Longhushan and go to Dadu. He became a right-hand assistant for the whole section. At this time, Zhu Siben left such a poem:“

Hu left here because he was haunted by the common customs. If he had a line of service in his life, why did he have to fly

。” It seems that he has long made up his mind not to be a man of evil, not to seek power. However, he made use of this opportunity to investigate "the customs of mountains and rivers, the people's livelihood, the gains and losses of current politics, the rains, tides, winds and hail, the changes of insect scales, the differences of plants" and made a career in science.

20 years of travel and investigation

Zhu Siben has visited various places for 20 years. This period mainly went through two stages: the first stage, from the third year of Dade (1299), left Longhu Mountain and went north, "ascended Kuaiji, pan Dongting, traveled to Jing and Xiang, visited Huai and Si, experienced the suburbs of Han, Wei, Qi and Lu, settled Yan and Zhao, and Jingdu Zhenyan" (preface to the map of zhenyizhai poetry manuscript); the second stage, from the fourth year of Zhida (1311) to the seventh year of Yanyou (132) 0) it was the period of worshiping famous mountains and rivers in the imperial edict, that is, "worshiping the destiny of Tianzi, the ancestral temple is high, reaching Tongbai in the south, zhurong in the south, and the sea in the south.". In the past 20 years, apart from most of the time, his footprints have spread throughout today's North China, East China and Central South China. It can be said that he has traveled thousands of miles. in the first stage, during the journey from Longhu Mountain to Dadu, this Taoist, who has lived in the mountains for a long time and separated from the masses, really came into contact with the society and began to understand "the joys and sorrows of life, the gains and losses of current affairs". During the period of Dade, flood often occurred in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and the victims were in exile. Zhu Siben witnessed the tragic scenes of the people suffering from the disaster. He wrote in nine days in Miaoshan:“

Fish and turtles are fresh food when there is no flood in the fertile land; Zhuang Jianduo is in exile and Lao Lei turns to the canal

”In the journey to the east Wu, he wrote:“

This year, the east Wu was overflowed by the sea. The Taihu Lake surged 100 feet high. In summer and autumn, the Yin Qi was condensing, and in ten days, the wind and rain kept the Yang essence. The waters of Wujiang and zheshui are indistinguishable, as if they were seen in Penglai's eyes

.

”I don't know how many hard-working people have been killed by the flood“

The dead are more than the survivors

”；“

Flowing corpse day and night, the water is fishy

”(Yuhe). After the flood, drought, locust and plague occurred in Yangzhou. He wrote in a trip to Guangling:“

Last year, there was no thunder in the spring drought, and the heart of the scholars had been destroyed. In summer and autumn, the color of the sun was as fierce as fire, and all the good fields were covered with grass

。” “

This spring, when it rains, I slide my plow and hoe, and I'm hungry. But when the borers cover the sky, there is no vegetation left. Locust hunting for food has become evil, epidemic disease has no reason to fan the remaining malaria; death and rest have no one to collect, relying on the palace to cover the skeleton

。” It is commendable that Zhu Siben realized from the floods in Jiangsu and Zhejiang and the locusts in Yangzhou that this was inseparable from the brutal rule of the feudal government. He revealed in "Yu He":“

In order to keep four jackal tiger, in Xu drama locust moth

”In the middle of Nanchang Road, he wrote:“

See that the Tian family is more haggard, urging officials everywhere

。” He also skillfully distinguished "Temple" from "Xian Xu Li Zheng" in order to denounce corrupt officials“

The temple gave good relief policies, and the people's hearts were strong; the county Xu Li was wantonly deceiving and deceiving, and the far away one could touch the emperor's wealth

。” (Guangling trip) Zhu Siben was deeply worried about whether the people in Jiangnan could complete millions of seaborne grain after the catastrophic flood“

Thousands of Dendrobium in Southeast China are transported to shangguo by water at the age of ten years. Now that the people are exhausted, how can they continue to supply hundreds of millions of Dendrobium

。” (the ninth day of Miaoshan) expresses the poet's dissatisfaction with the yuan court's disregard of the exhaustion of the people's power and excessive collection of taxes. In the 11th year of Dade (1307), Wu Quanjie was granted the title of successor of xuanjiao. As an assistant of Wu Quanjie, Zhu Siben may follow Wu Quanjie to offer sacrifices to five mountains and four rivers. After the death of Timur, Emperor Chengzong of the Yuan Dynasty succeeded in seizing the throne. In the spring of 1310, Emperor Wuzong of the Yuan Dynasty conferred on him the title of Zhongshu Pingzhang, Jixian bachelor and Tongzhi Huizheng yuan. At that time, Zhu Siben's poems had been circulated in most intellectual circles, and his talent, Li Meng, must have been heard of. The next year, Emperor Wuzong of the Yuan Dynasty died, and his younger brother Renzong AI Yu Li Ba Li Ba Da succeeded him. He worshipped Li Meng as a political official of the middle Shu Ping Zhang. Li Meng is a politician who pays great attention to the selection of talents. He appreciates Zhu Siben's talent and learning very much. He once advised him to return to Confucianism and become an official, but Zhu Siben politely declined. Xu Youren recorded this story in Zhu Benchu's preface to his northern journey, and commented: "in the past, Duke li of qiugu was in power. When he saw the beginning, he urged him to return to the beginning and serve his parents early. When his father died, he could not bear to change. It's not just poetry and prose that make ye's original use of the world considerable. If qiugu is good at watching people, he should believe in the world. " It can be seen that Zhu Siben's mentality of "weariness of the world" has always been the same. In 1311, Zhu Siben began a 10-year investigation after he declined Li Meng's advice to return to Confucianism. He traveled all over the world, nominally sacrificing famous mountains and rivers on behalf of the emperor, but at the same time, he was also responsible for the task of the Chinese and Korean officials "every order to pledge to the vassal offices, to collect the opinions of the masses, and to map everywhere.". This task is in line with his idea of redrawing new maps to correct the mistakes of previous maps. After 10 years of hard work, he finally drew the map of Yu, which was "seven feet long and wide", and later carved stones in Sanhua courtyard of the Qing Dynasty. Unfortunately, this map has been lost. Fortunately, the general picture of this map is still preserved in the Guangyu map drawn by Luo Hongxian in Ming Dynasty.

The drawing of Yutu

In order to complete the arduous task of Yu Tu, Zhu Siben made a lot of efforts in field investigation, data collection and mapping methods.

First, on-the-spot investigation.

In the preface to Yu Tu Zi, he said: "when you go to a place," you often inquire about Li, find out the old way, study the cause of the changes of counties and cities, the name and reality of He Shan He, and test the stone inscriptions of Yu trace in Fuyang and Anlu, and the pictures of Hunyi and Liuhe counties and cities in qiaochuan. ". His investigation is a strict scientific practice, the first is "inquiry", that is, asking local people about historical sites and word-of-mouth; the second is "search", that is, looking for relics and sites; the third is "examination", that is, investigating the evolution of counties and cities; the fourth is "core", that is, verifying whether the names of rivers and mountains are wrong; the fifth is "test", that is, checking whether the ancient maps are consistent according to his own assessment. In order to reach a scientific conclusion, his tireless academic spirit was praised by his contemporaries, Yu Ji. The mountains and rivers are dangerous, the roads are far and near, and the evolution of the city. People, local products and customs must take part in Wu's interrogation. In fact, although they spend a lot of time on gold and silk, they don't have enough heart. (preface to Zhenyi manuscript, Vol. 46, ancient records of Daoyuan Studies) through on-the-spot investigation, he found that "there are many absurd works made by predecessors", which further strengthened his determination to redraw the map and "think about the correct map".

The second is to absorb the research results of geography.

Zhu Siben is good at absorbing valuable achievements from previous works. In the preface, he cited and referred to many geographical works, such as shuijingzhu, Tongdian, Yuanhe county annals, Yuanfeng jiuyu annals, etc. At that time, it was the compilation of Yuan Yi Tong Zhi. The book was first compiled by zamaludin and Yu Yinglong in 1294, and then supplemented by bolanxi and Yue Xuan according to the newly compiled Yunnan, Gansu and Liaoyang chronicles. It was completed in 1303, with 1300 volumes. Most of the materials cited in this chronicle are from Yu Di Sheng Ji and the old chronicles of song and Yuan Dynasties to the south of Jiang, and from Yuan He Jun Xian Zhi, Tai Ping Huan Yu Ji and the old chronicles of Jin and Yuan Dynasties to the north of Jiang, while the new chronicles are from Yun, Gan and Liao. Therefore, yuanyitongzhi is a national local chronicle which collects the latest achievements of geography at that time. Zhu Siben not only had the task of "making maps everywhere" ordered by the Chinese and Korean officials, but also was able to check the geographical data, local archives and local chronicles collected by the local government departments at any time. Of course, he could also use the newly compiled Yuan Yi Tong Zhi. With these conditions, the mapping of Yutu has a more substantial foundation. Zhu Siben was not satisfied with the collection of Chinese materials, but also paid attention to the use of Tibetan and other minority geographical works. For example, in order to find out the source of the Yellow River and its flow mileage, "the Sanskrit books collected by the master balikis were translated into Chinese, which are similar to those recorded by [pan] angxiao (i.e. records of the source of the Yellow River)" (Yuan Dynasty)

Chinese PinYin : Zhu Si Ben