Bract

Bract

Fang Bao (from May 25, 1668 to September 29, 1749) was born in Jiangning prefecture (now Liuhe District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province). He was a writer of the Qing Dynasty.

In the 38th year of Kangxi (1699), Fang Bao won the first place in Jiangnan Rural examination. Kangxi 45 years (1706) examination Jinshi, due to his mother's illness and return home, did not become an official. In 1711, he was implicated in the case of Dai Mingshi's collection of Nanshan. After the amnesty, he was a member of the Han Army, and was admitted to the South study. Kangxi 61 years (1722), as Wu YINGDIAN Xiushu president. During the Yongzheng period, the flag nationality was pardoned and returned to the Han nationality. He is a professor of Imperial Academy, a cabinet scholar and a minister of rites. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, he went back to the South study and served as the right servant of the ritual department and the president of the classics and history museum. In 1742, he resigned and returned home. In 1749, Fang Bao died at the age of 82.

Fang Bao, as a scholar, took Cheng and Zhu as masters, advocated that ancient prose should be written with emphasis on "righteousness and law" and that both Tao and prose should be paid equal attention to. Under the guidance of the theory of "righteousness and law", he wrote the ancient prose fresh and elegant, natural and fluent, and full of strong appeal. Fang Bao's thoughts developed into "Tongcheng School" prose in later generations, so Fang Bao, Yao Nai and Liu Dakui were called the three ancestors of Tongcheng. He is the author of the complete works of Mr. Fang Wangxi.

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Life of the characters

Early experience

The ancestors of fangbao (1668-1749) moved from Xiuning, Anhui Province to Tongcheng in the song and Yuan Dynasties. Fang Bao was the successor of the Ming Dynasty.

Fang Bao was born in Liuhe County, Jiangning prefecture (now Liuhe District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province) on April 15, the seventh year of Kangxi (May 25, 1668). Fang Bao was born in a poor family, but he was very clever. It is said that Fang Bao could make couplets at the age of four and recite sutras at the age of five.

When Fang Bao was six years old, he moved from Liuhe County to Jiangning County with his family and remained Tongcheng nationality.

In 1684, Fang Bao was 16 years old and returned to Tongcheng, Anhui Province with his father to take the imperial examination.

In 1692, Fang Bao went to the capital to join the Imperial Academy. He made friends with literature and gained a great reputation. He was known as "No.1 in the south of the Yangtze River". Li Guangdi, a bachelor, praised Fang Bao's article as "Han (Yu) ou (Yang Xiu) comeback, which was not written after the Northern Song Dynasty.".

In the 38th year of Kangxi (1699), Fang Bao won the first place in Jiangnan Rural examination. But then they failed in the two examinations.

In the 45th year of Kangxi (1706), Fang Bao took the fourth place in the imperial examination for the third time. However, due to his mother's illness, he returned home and did not attend the palace examination.

Sitting in the literary prison

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< sub > Nanshan case

In the 50th year of Kangxi (1711), Zhao Shenqiao, the Deputy censor of the capital, impeached Dai Mingshi's "Nanshan Ji" and "relict records" for his great treason. Fang xiaobiao, Fang Bao's grandfather, was involved in the impeachment memorials. Dai mingshihe and Fang Bao are from the same county. They are also good at ancient prose. Fang Bao once wrote a preface to his anthology, which was connected to the prison of lower Jiangning County. Soon after, he was escorted to the capital to be sentenced to death. Fang Bao had been in prison for two years, but he still insisted on writing books, including the book of rites and funeral or questions.

In 1713, Dai Mingshi was sentenced to decapitation. Li Guangdi, an important Minister of the Qing Dynasty, tried his best to rescue him, and he got the instruction from emperor Shengzu of the Qing Dynasty that "fangbao's knowledge is not unknown in the world". He was released from prison. After he was pardoned, he was a member of the Han Army's flag nationality. He entered the South study as a literary servant of emperor Shengzu of the Qing Dynasty. Later, he moved to yangmengzhai to edit the Royal Music law, suanfa and other books. Fang Bao, the envoy of the sage of Qing Dynasty, entered the southern study from the prison of the Ministry of punishment, but he was only excused, not found innocent.

In June 1722, Emperor Kangxi ordered Fang Bao to be the president of Wu YINGDIAN.

He was ordered to compile a book

After he ascended the throne, Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty trusted and loved the Tongcheng scholars represented by Zhang Tingyu. This also made the political situation of Fang Bao better than that of Kangxi Dynasty. Fang Bao and other people who joined the flag because of Dai Mingshi case were removed from the flag and returned to their original place.

In 1724, Fang Bao returned to his hometown to bury his mother.

In 1725, Fang Bao returned to Beijing and entered Zhinan study as before.

In the ninth year of Yongzheng (1731), Zuo Chunfang, Zhan Shifu, was granted Zuo zhongyun.

In 1732, he moved to the Imperial Academy as a lecturer.

In 1733, Fang Bao was promoted to be a cabinet bachelor. However, Fang Bao refused to accept the proposal because of his disadvantage. Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty ordered Fang Bao to be specially responsible for writing, so he didn't have to go to the cabinet. Later, he served as the president of yitongzhi.

In 1735, he served as the vice president of Huangqing Wenying.

In the first year of Qianlong (1736), he served as the vice president of Sanli Yishu. After entering the South study again and being promoted to the Minister of rites, Fang Bao still refused because his legs were not good, but Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty left him and ordered Fang Bao not to follow the class. He also ordered Fang Bao to teach him how to be a good scholar. Fang Bao insisted on asking for the removal of his servant. He was allowed to take his original title as his salary.

In the same year, the emperor ordered Fang Bao to select and criticize the works of the Ming Dynasty and the current Dynasty as the standard of students' writing. After the completion of the book, it was named "imperial four books".

Suggestions and suggestions

During the reign of Yongzheng, Fang Bao wrote: "the rice grain stored in the regular warehouse is 70% and sold 30%. The southern provinces are low-lying and humid. The amount of grain stored and sold should be adjusted according to local conditions, not necessarily rigidly. If the rice price is high and the annual success is not good, the relevant departments ask the higher authorities to sell the rice according to the set price. They dare not act without the orders of the higher authorities. From then on, every state and county should immediately order to sell rice according to the set price, and then report to the higher authorities in detail. The amount of grain stored in the warehouse will be reduced due to rats' stealing. It costs freight to transport grain, and it costs manual food to sell and buy rice to guard the granary. When grain prices are high in spring, the extra money will be left to cover the above expenses. Honest and competent officials, who buy grain at a low price in autumn and get a lot of grain, should be asked to indicate in detail that it should be stored separately in case of disaster. " Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty referred Fang Bao's opinions to the relevant departments for discussion and implementation.

Fang Bao once said that people's life was becoming increasingly scarce. He asked for a ban on wine making, tobacco growing and grain going abroad. He also asked the Deputy officials of prefectures and counties to urge people to plant and breed, and local gentry to help dredge the river.

Fang Bao also asked to change his long-standing bad habits, recommended talents, and wrote: "the emperor should meet the minister on time to distinguish good from bad. The loyal and selfless nine ministers in the court, the feudal officials outside the court, let them recommend the people they know. Let those people do things first, get rid of caring for close people and favoritism, punish corruption and perversion of the law, and give gold, cloth and silk to those who have been in office for a long time and have a good reputation and achievements. In particular, because the six ministries have their own responsibilities, they must be careful in selecting county and state governors and deputies, so that they can teach their subordinates well and advance and retreat on time. Then ordinary officials will work hard. "

In the first year of Qianlong (1736), Fang Bao wrote: "the work of famine relief should be prepared in advance. At the end of summer and the beginning of autumn, we can see whether there is flood or drought. According to the old practice, reporting the disaster must wait until after August and September. The people affected by the disaster can't wait for the evening from the morning. However, if the officials get the disaster relief order again, it will take several ten days. We request that in case of floods and droughts in the future, we should report the actual situation in May and June. " Emperor Qianlong sent it to the relevant departments for discussion, because the disaster report in May and June could not be carried out because of the unreal vanity.

In May 1739, Fang Bao was dismissed from his post and remained in Sanli hall to study.

Old age experience

In the spring of 1742, Fang Bao returned home due to illness. Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty granted him the title of Imperial Academy official. From then on, he wrote books at home.

On August 18, 1749 (September 29, 1749), Fang Bao died of illness in Shangyuan, Jiangsu Province (now Nanjing). At the age of 82, he was buried in Liuhe, Jiangsu Province.

Main impact

Prose

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< sub > theory of semantic method

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< sub > Tongcheng School

Fang Bao is the founder of Tongcheng School of prose in Qing Dynasty. The theory of "righteousness and law" is the core of Fang Bao's literary theory and the cornerstone of the formation of Tongcheng school's literary theory.

The word "Yi Fa" comes from the preface to the chronology of the twelve princes in historical records. Fang Bao uses it to explain the text and believes that "Yi is the so-called" words have things "in the book of changes, and FA is the so-called" word order "in the book of changes. The meaning is the longitude and the latitude, and then it is the text of the body." Together, the meaning is meaningful and well-organized. Separately, "Yi" refers to the content of an article, and "Fa" refers to the method of an article, including form and skills, such as layout, organization, diction, etc. The relationship between them is that the meaning decides the development, while the law embodies the meaning. In this way, we should not only enrich the content of the article, but also have the proper form. The language should be concise and concise, and the writing should be more important than grammar. We should be able to combine "righteousness" and "law", that is, the content determines the form, and the form reflects the content, so as to be concise and comprehensive.

On the basis of the theory of righteousness and law, Fang Bao put forward the problem of purity of language, that is, the theory of elegance and purity, and put forward three concepts of "halal", "ancient elegance" and "Qi", and associated them with "righteousness and law". "Halal" is a reflection of the article

Chinese PinYin : Fang Bao