Peng duanshu

Peng duanshu

Peng duanshu (C. 1699-c. 1779), the name of Yue Zhai, Hao Yi, Meizhou

danling

(today's Sichuan)

Danling County

）People. Born in the emperor of Qing Dynasty

Kangxi

In the 38th year, he died in Gaozong of Qing Dynasty

Qianlong

Forty four years.

Officials and writers of the Qing Dynasty, together with Li Tiaoyuan and Zhang Wentao, were called "three talents of Sichuan in the Qing Dynasty". Peng duanshu was able to write at the age of ten and entered the county school at the age of twelve. He studied with his elder brother Peng duanhong, younger brother Peng Zhaozhu and Peng zunsi at Ziyun temple in cuilong mountain, Danling. In 1726, Peng duanshu was elected to the imperial examination. In the 11th year of Yongzheng, Peng duanshu was elected to the imperial examination and entered the official career. He served as the head of the Ministry of official affairs and moved to be a member of the Ministry, wailang and a doctor. In 1747, Peng duanshu was the same examiner of Shuntian (now Beijing) rural examination.

Study hard when you are young

Peng duanshu was born into a rich family. His grandfather Peng wankun was a general of Huaiyuan in the late Ming Dynasty and a magistrate of Jianzhou (now Jianyang City, Sichuan Province) in the early Qing Dynasty. He was awarded the title of "Qi" to the governor of Sichuan Province. Peng duanshu's eight uncles are mostly Juren and county magistrate. As a child, he was intelligent and distinguished. He was often taught by his forefathers that "he should respect reality and dethrone buoyancy, and should not abandon himself". He studied hard at Ziyun temple in cuilong mountain with his elder brothers duanhong, Zhaozhu and zunsi. He never went down the mountain in five or six years and was taught by his erudite father Peng Xun. Also benefited from his grandfather, Jinshi background Jiajiang Confucian King court Zhao's teaching, progress is not small. After entering the county school, he was instructed by Dong xince, a Jinshi of Hejiang and a craftsman of making Yi (eight part essay) in Central Sichuan.

Being an official and diligent in administration

In 1726, Peng duanshu won the provincial examination. Yongzheng 11 years (1733) and his twin brother Peng Zhaozhu with the list of Jinshi, the Minister of the Ministry of officials. Qianlong ten years (1745) promoted the Ministry of officials member wailang, rotation moved Wenxuan Department (responsible for personnel appointment and removal) doctor. Qianlong 12 years (1747) as shuntianfu (now Beijing) with the examiner. In 1755, he was appointed as the inspector of zhaoluo Dao department in Guangdong Province. Peng duanshu was generous to the people and devoted himself to serving the people as an official. He often encouraged himself by "being clear and cautious". Every time he went on a business trip, he would dress lightly and follow less than one or two people. He also made it clear that all the counties and states he passed were forbidden to welcome and entertain. Those who violated the rules were severely punished, which won the reputation of "officials and people". Peng duanshu made a decisive decision in settling the case. He corrected all the mistakes in the civil litigation one by one and made the people feel at ease. When he first came to eastern Guangdong, he met with more than 3000 accumulated cases. He immediately mobilized the files of each state and county, and worked with his staff to be open and frank. In January, all the cases were closed, and all the officials and people were surprised. He also supervised the construction of academies in provincial cities, invited famous teachers to take monthly classes, and taught them personally. In ten months, Peng duanshu found out more than 3000 old cases of Chen Ji in the prefecture and county where zhaoluo road belonged. As a result, his reputation was greatly enhanced, and the officials of the imperial court "deeply depended on each other.". Peng duanshu had been an official in Guangdong for about six or seven years, which was the most prominent period in his official career.

Retreat from teaching

Although Peng duanshu was an official, he made every effort to make progress, determined to promote the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages, reported to the imperial court, comforted the people, and did not want to spend his whole life in a busy way. At that time, although the Qing Dynasty had entered the extremely prosperous Qianlong era, and the economy and culture also had a fairly prosperous scene, the class contradictions, national contradictions and the struggle within the ruling class became increasingly acute and complex. In her years of official career, Peng duanshu saw the social reality that people's livelihood was difficult under the surface prosperity of the Qing Dynasty, the struggle in the officialdom, and the great success of the supreme ruler. As a result, a kind of resentment and melancholy gradually grew in her heart, and the idea of passive seclusion gradually developed. In 1761, Peng duanshu was in charge of the transportation of grain in western Guangdong. He was in the South China Sea and fell into the water. Although he was rescued, he thought it was a sign of imminent disaster. He sighed: "people are not satisfied with their official career. They often blame others. Who is the one to squeeze them! If I don't bury the fish's belly, the sky will be thicker than me. What can I hope for? " At this time, Peng duanshu had a full understanding of the intrigue of officialdom, and decided to retire. On the pretext of this, he resigned and returned to Shu. He retired to baihetang in Chengdu and entered Jinjiang Academy (now Chengdu Shishi middle school), and embarked on the road of educating intellectuals. Jinjiang Academy was established in 1704, the 43rd year of Kangxi period, by Liu Defang, the Sichuan provincial governor, on the wengshishi site in Chengdu. The tuition and living expenses of the students were provided by the school fields allocated by the Qing government to the college. There were about 200 students in the college. Peng duanshu has been a lecturer and President of the hospital for 20 years.

Literary achievements

Peng duanshu's main achievement lies in his literature. His poetry, prose and literary criticism theory had a great influence at that time. He, together with Li Diaoyuan and Zhang Wentao, is known as the "three talents in Shu" in Qing Dynasty. In his early years, Peng duanshu was obsessed with making Yi (also known as making arts), and his making Yi skills were superior to those of Shu. He was the only master of making Yi who was able to "consider the purpose of classics" after Han zhuo'an and Dong xince. As soon as he entered the capital, he became famous as the founder of Zhiyi, and was highly praised by Cai Yindou, Hu Zhiwei, Shen Shifang, etc. he was called "the talent who is not in the world" and "the talent who is highly valued". However, the formalism of the creation of Zhi Yi, to a great extent, restricted Peng duanshu's development on the road of literature. He didn't get rid of the shackles until he was 50 years old, and his writing style changed greatly. Especially after his resignation, he took the initiative to get close to the people, fully understood the poor life of the broad masses of the people, and even more with great anxiety and indignation, he wrote an implicit and popular masterpiece. Peng duanshu's later works have a wide range of themes, such as worrying about the country and the people, such as "worrying about the drought for several decades, the farmer's heart is bitter alone" (July 16); or cynical, such as " There is a cry of the moon at night in the mountains, and there is no spring in heaven and earth. Things in this and ancient times are like Canggou, the Queen's ants and the mole are decaying together Why can't Hu sing all the time? It's like a lonely and angry self accusation! " (cuckoo travel); or caress the current situation, such as "the flesh and blood are difficult for no reason, with seven left three." "When to get together again, to relieve the anxiety and anger" (Yi Di). Peng duanshu and his younger brothers Peng Zhaozhu and Peng zunsi were both famous for their literary talents at that time, and they were called "three Pengs" at that time. Among them, Peng duanshu is the most famous and influential. His existing works include four volumes of baihetang anthology, two volumes of Shitan on a snowy night, one volume of jicao in the west of Guangdong, several volumes of Cao Zhi's Selected Poems of the following eight schools, two volumes of Shichao by famous Shu scholars, as well as later years' poetry manuscript, beizhuanji, Guochao Wenlu, xiaofanghuzhai Yudi series and Guangdong Tongzhi. Among them, baihetang anthology is the most famous, and the essay "to learn a song to show my nephew" (referred to as "learning") is derived from this book.

Literary thought

Peng duanshu's literary thought is complex. He despised the works of "banqueting, visiting, exchanging and giving answers", and highly praised the works of Tao Qian (Tao Yuanming), "painting with his hands, writing poems and drinking with his heart" and Du Fu's "caressing the current affairs, patriotism and worrying about the king" (on Tao Du's poems with friends). It is pointed out that Du Fu's inspiring works after he came to Sichuan are related to his experience of his trip to Longshu after he was demoted. "When Shaoling came to Sichuan, he was several years old and moved frequently," and "if he didn't come to the best place, how could he have a strange idea" (a poem about Du Gongbu's coming to Sichuan), which further affirmed that "if he didn't come to Sichuan, why would he be broad-minded. In Shu, there are poems written by the public, and mountains and rivers add color to it. These views attach importance to the effect of objective things and external environment on the author's thoughts and feelings, and point out that the sage's action is not "his original intention is such a poem", but his thoughts and feelings are affected by the objective environment, which is the result of emotional eruption. Thus, it comes to the conclusion that "will move for emotion and emotion for speech" (on Tao Du's poems with friends). This view has a more correct understanding of the origin of literature, which is valuable under the historical conditions at that time. However, Peng duanshu was deeply influenced by the theories of literary criticism, especially the Neo Confucianism of Cheng and Zhu dynasties, and the exhortation of "advocating reality and dethroning the floating" in his ears, which determined that he could not get out of the pitfall of idealism in his literary creation theory. Peng duanshu once said, "there are three ways of writing: learning, knowledge and talent." talent is the author's literary talent. Peng duanshu pointed out that "talent has its own size, which is given to the heaven but can not be imposed" and "talent is given to the heaven" (Literary Theory). He thinks that the reason why Sima Qian and Han Yu were able to "catch up with the past and the present, and have insight into the situation" is that "heaven has given them great talents" (Literary Theory). These views affirm the author's personal ability unilaterally, ignore the author's subjective efforts, and are inextricably linked with Cheng Zhu's Neo Confucianism of "those who have virtue must have words" (Cheng Yi's quotations), which shows the limitations of his world outlook.

The world of peach and plum

Peng duanshu paid great attention to the cultivation of talents all her life, and made many talents. When I was an examiner, I personally assessed and promoted those who were good at talent and knowledge, and then employed them in any way. Ji Yun, a famous official in Qing Dynasty and the chief usurper of Sikuquanshu, was promoted by Peng duanshu when he was trying to solve the Yuan Dynasty, and later became an authority in the academic circles of Qing Dynasty. After he taught Jinjiang academy, there were a lot of talented people, such as Li Tiaoyuan, H è, and Y ù n. Peng duanshu devoted the last 20 years of his life to the cause of culture and education in Sichuan. There is a clear record in his poem "cold food in the grass movement of 1898": "Jinjiang has lived for 20 years, and every cold food is clear." This gives a vivid description of his time and mood of lecturing at Xi Academy. In 1779, 81 year old Peng duanshu died in baihetang, southern suburb of Chengdu. Today, Pengshan City, Sichuan Province

Chinese PinYin : Peng Duan Shu