Zhang Zhi
Zhang Zhi
Zhang Zhi (?)? He was born in Yuanquan County, Dunhuang county (now Guazhou County, Gansu Province). The calligrapher of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the "ancestor of cursive script", is the son of Zhang Huan, the great Si Nong.
Born in a famous family, he refused to be recruited by the imperial court and devoted himself to studying calligraphy. He was good at Zhang Cao in cursive script. He changed the cursive method of distinguishing characters and separating strokes in ancient times into a new writing method which was full of changes. It was full of originality and had a great influence at that time. Li Zhimin commented: "Zhang Zhi has created the first peak since the publication of cursive script. He is skillful and skillful, and is good at the present.". There are no authentic works handed down to the world, only "August post" and other engraved posts.
In the third year of the reign of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, he died at home and wrote a treatise on the heart of the pen, which is called "four sages in the book" together with Zhong Yao, Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi.
Life of the characters
Zhang Zhi, whose birth date is unknown, died in the third year of Chuping (about 192 A.D.) of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. He was born in Yuanyuan County, Dunhuang county (now in the old city of Sidaogou, Guazhou County, Jiuquan City, Gansu Province). His name is Boying. Studying hard is better than advancing in office. The imperial court was not satisfied with the principle of justice, and people at that time respected themselves as "Zhang Youdao". He was good at Zhangcao, but later he got rid of the old habits, and reduced Zhangcao stippling and Bojie, and became "Jincao". Zhang Huaiyu listed Zhangcao and caoshu in shuduan as miraculous works, saying: "you are good at zhangcaoshu, born in Dudu and Cuili. The dragon and the leopard change, and the Green comes out of the blue. Also created in today's grass, Tianzong Yingyi, rate over Kuang, no pity things. He said that he "learned the methods of Cui (yuan) and Du (CAO) and thus changed them to become modern grass. The body of the word is composed of one stroke, occasionally not connected, but the blood is continuous, and the Qi is connected in the alternate line. "Wei shujiawei of the Three Kingdoms called him" the sage of grass ". Wang Xizhi of Jin Dynasty had only tuizhong (Yao) and Zhang (Zhi) in his study of Han and Wei calligraphy, and thought that the rest were not enough. Wei's birthday, suojing's, Wang Xizhi's father and son's, Zhang Xu's and huaisu's cursive methods all originated from Boying. Yang Xinyun said: "Zhang Zhi, Huang Xiang, Zhong Yao and suojing were called the" sage of calligraphy "at that time. However, Zhang Jin's strength, bone and muscle are abundant, and his virtue is the highest among the sages. Wang Xizhi, the "sage of calligraphy", has two most respected predecessors: Zhong Yao of Cao Wei and Zhang Zhi of Eastern Han Dynasty. He said: "I compare the book to Zhong and Zhang. Zhong should resist or cross it. Zhang Cao should be a wild goose. However, Zhang Jingshu and the water in the pool are all ink. If I delay, I may not be grateful. " (see sun Guoting's Shupu). The meaning of "delay" is "indulgence, special hobby". Even Wang Xizhi sighed for himself, which shows Zhang Zhi's love for calligraphy. relative member grandfather: Zhang Xiang, the supreme governor of Hanyang. His father: Zhang Huan, general Du Liao, Zhonglang general protecting Xiongnu, dashinong, taichangqing. My younger brother: Zhang Chang, a famous calligrapher, is good at Zhang Cao, and his calligraphy is like Bo Ying. At that time, people called him "Yasheng".
Historical records
There are few historical materials about Zhang Zhi. The biography of Zhang Huan in the later Han Dynasty only records that his eldest son Zhi is the most famous and his younger brother Chang is good at cursive writing. Wei Heng, a calligrapher of the Western Jin Dynasty? --In 291, he wrote Si Ti Shu Shi, which said: "there was cursive script in the Han Dynasty, but I don't know the name of the author. In the reign of emperor Zhang, Du Du, the Prime Minister of Qi, was known as good at writing. Later, there were Cui yuan and Cui Shi, also known as all workers Wei Zhong called it the sage of grass. Wei Zhongjiang was Wei's birthday (179-252). He was a famous calligrapher at that time. He thought: "Du Shijie has strength, but his calligraphy and painting are thin. Cui's method. The style of the book is very thick, and the handwriting is skillful, which is not as good as it is sometimes. Zhang Zhi likes to learn. It can be called the sage of grass if you turn it into a good one. " It shows that although Zhang Zhi takes Du and Cui as his teachers, he comes from behind and "surpasses and surpasses others". Zhang Huaiyu, a famous calligrapher and critic in Kaiyuan period of Tang Dynasty, discussed Zhang Zhi in detail in his masterpiece shuduan, an outstanding monograph in the history of Chinese calligraphy. Most other calligraphers of past dynasties quoted and agreed with Wei Shi, Wei Heng, Zhang Huaiyu and sun Guoting's comments. Since then, Zhang Zhi's status as a grass sage has stood out in the Chinese calligraphy world, shining brightly forever The light of the sun.
Main achievements
Come from a famous family
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhi, a famous calligrapher, was born in Yuanquan Town, Guazhou county. Zhang Xiang, Zhang Zhi's grandfather, was once the prefect of Hanyang. Zhang Huan, Zhang Zhi's father, was even more famous. When he was young, he had ambition. He often said that the eldest man should do meritorious service for the country and the frontier. Later, he was the general of Zhonglang who protected Xiongnu, general Du Liao, and great Si Nong. He made many meritorious contributions. Zhang Zhi's mother is a rich lady, she is virtuous, and she grew up in such a family.
Study calligraphy
Zhang Zhi was Zhang Huan's eldest son, whose character was Boying. When he was young, he was very virtuous. Although he was born in an official family, he was not a dandy. He was diligent and studious, and devoted himself to calligraphy. Many times he was called to be an official, but he refused, so he was called "Zhang Youdao". His father Zhang Huan forged stone tables, stone benches and ink pools by the river to facilitate his brother Zhang Zhi to practice calligraphy. From then on, Zhang Zhi brothers took silk as paper and studied calligraphy in the pool. They practiced writing first and then rinsed and used it again. Day after day, year after year, the water was black, and later they were called Zhang Zhi ink pool. Finally, he got rid of the old customs and created his own style. The style of a character is formed by a single stroke. Sometimes it is not connected, but the blood is continuous; the writing is connected, and the lines are continuous. The ancients said: "a white fly", one of the new generation of calligraphy. Calligraphers of all ages have praised Zhang Zhi's cursive script as "one stroke calligraphy" and honored Zhang Zhi as "the sage of cursive". Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher of Jin Dynasty, had only tuizhong and zhangcaoshu in the Han and Wei dynasties, and was also influenced by them. There are five copies of his handwriting in Chunhua Ge tie, and he wrote on the center of the pen, which has been lost.
Pen expert
He is also said to be an expert in pen making. Zhang Zhi, a great calligrapher with comprehensive attainments, is also rare in the whole history of Chinese calligraphy, worthy of the lofty title of "sage of grass". His younger brother Zhang Chang was also a famous calligrapher at that time. He was good at Zhang Cao and was called "Yasheng" at that time. Gan long should be proud of having been such an outstanding cultural giant. According to the development of Chinese calligraphy history, from oracle bone inscriptions to seal characters, Li style was first developed in Qin Dynasty. In the Western Han Dynasty, Li style was popular, but cursive script existed, which could be described as seal, Li, Cao, Xing and Zhen styles. However, at this time, Li style, which was slow and had Bozhe style, and Zhang Cao with Li meaning, could not meet the needs of people and social development "Today's grass" has formed a "cursive fever" in the society. Zhang Zhi absorbed the artistic essence of cursive script from the folk, Du and Cui, and created a cross era cursive script, which was different from Zhang Cao's "one stroke book". At that time, it was also known as "modern cursive script". At that time, it was famous all over the world, and scholars were like clouds. In Zhang Zhi's "one stroke book", the body of the characters is formed by one stroke, occasionally not connected, but the blood is continuous, and the connected Qi is connected in the alternate line ";" such as the speed of water, the connection between the upper and the lower, or the connection between the upper and the lower, although the odd shape is the same, the number and the meaning are both included, if the county ape drinks the stream image, the hook chain shape, the deification is self-contained, the metamorphosis is not exposed ";" if the Qingjian Changyuan, It flows endlessly, lingers back in the valley, and is in charge of nature. "It's exquisite and wonderful, and it's unique in ancient and modern times." it's hard to strengthen the bones and muscles, and it's the most virtuous of all sages. "Boying is the ancestor of cursive script. Zhang Zhi's cursive script has influenced the development of Chinese calligraphy and brought unparalleled vitality to the calligraphy world. Wang Xizhi, known as the sage of Chinese calligraphy, learned from Zhang Zhi in his middle age and respected Zhang Zhi. He thought that cursive calligraphy was inferior to Zhang Zhi. Huaisu, the great master of wild grass, also claimed that cursive script came from "two Zhang" (Zhang Zhi and Zhang Xu). Sun Guoting, a great master of cursive script, also mentioned many times in his book manual that he took Zhang Zhi's cursive script as a blueprint in his life, and called it "Zhang Zhi's cursive sage. This is a perfect combination of expertise.". The history of Chinese calligraphy tells us that "from the end of Han Dynasty to the middle of Tang Dynasty, Wei Shi, suojing, Wei Heng and so on emerged in the field of cursive calligraphy. There are also four glorious masters, Wang Xizhi, Wang Xianzhi, Zhang Xu, and Huai Su. Their learning all originated from Zhang Zhi, the first giant in the history of Chinese calligraphy" (see Zhang Zhichuang by Ma Shixiao)“ This is not only a historical truth, but also an objective evaluation. It is no accident that Zhang Zhi won the honor of "sage of grass", which is closely related to his philosophy of life and his attitude towards learning. Zhang Zhi was born in a famous family. His father, Zhang Huan, was a famous official in the Han Dynasty. "Boying, the son of a famous official, was young and highly skilled. He was diligent in learning the ancient culture and practising moral education. The imperial court had a way to fight against it (duanshu) Zhang Zhi was appreciated by the imperial court for his virtue. He ordered him to be an official, but he was dismissive and willing to work as a cloth. This kind of ideological realm is admirable.) Zhang Zhi's arduous study of calligraphy and even his intoxicated spirit are also amazing. "Every family's clothing and silk must be written first and then practiced. Learning from the pond, the water in the pond is all ink. " (Wei Heng's Si Ti Shu Shi) according to the records of Zhang Zhi Mo Chi in the book of pictures of the governor of Shazhou: "Zhang Zhi learned from this book, and the pool was full of ink. The book is peerless, and it is famous all over the world. Because Wang Xizhi's "fan Shu Lun" says: "linchi studies calligraphy. The water in the pond is as good as ink. I am the Buddha. There is a poem in the twenty chants of Dunhuang historical sites, which praises Zhang Zhi: "in the past, people used to be good at seal script. The sage grass is famous for thousands of years. Shu Jian bird trail, ink dye fish group. I want to be near the lake for a long time. I'm glad to come here to talk about poems It was with such hard work that Zhang Zhi reached the peak of the art of calligraphy. His calligraphy was "treasured by the world and never left a single inch of paper", becoming a well deserved "sage of Chinese grass". Zhang Zhi's ink can be seen in Chunhua Pavilion calligraphy, and there are five of them
Chinese PinYin : Zhang Zhi
Zhang Zhi
