Zhang Mu

Zhang Mu

Zhang Mu (November 29, 1805 - December 22, 1849), a native of Pingding, Shanxi Province, was a patriotic thinker, geographer, poet and calligrapher in modern times. Born in the 10th year of Jiaqing (1805). During the Opium War, with patriotic enthusiasm, he wrote a letter to talk about things, ran to contact his friends in Beijing, and inspired people by commemorating Gu Yanwu. Since then, he devoted himself to the study of the geography of the northwest frontier and the history of Mongolia for the purpose of publicizing his national power and resisting the invasion of tsarist Russia. On December 22, 1849, he died in the capital at the age of 45. He was buried in his hometown in 1850.

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He wrote Mongolian nomad, Russian supplement, Wei Yanchang topographical records and other works. Mongolian nomad is his representative work. The 16 volumes of the book record in detail the four seasons, the historical evolution of the Mongolian tribes, and the communication relations among the northern nationalities in the past dynasties. Rich in historical materials and precise textual research, it not only has the value of rectifying the lack of history, but also is an authoritative work on Mongolian history at home and abroad. Both Zhang Zhidong and Liang Qichao have been highly praised and have been translated into foreign languages for publication.

Zhang Mu nianyou

Zhang Mu (1805-1849), Zhang Muzhi, was originally named Ying Siam, with the word Shi Zhou, Mu Zhi, also known as Shi Zhou and Yin Zhai. He was born in Pingding, Shanxi Province, and later moved to Dayangquan village. His grandfather Zhang Peifang served as the magistrate of Shexian and Hefei counties in Anhui Province, and the magistrate of Shouzhou and Sizhou. He had a broad history of Tongjing and compiled Shexian Zhi and Huangshan Zhi. His father, Zhang Dunyi, was the official in charge of the imperial examination. Zhang Mu was smart when he was young. At the age of 11, he lost his mother and was raised by his stepmother Li. His stepmother was kind and quiet. She was only 18 years old when she came into Zhang's family. She was very affectionate to Zhang Mu. Zhang Mu's train was broken, and his stepmother sewed for Huan Zhuo at the beginning of his arrival, which made him regain his maternal love. Zhang Mu is very filial to his stepmother. The year after his stepmother passed away, Zhang Mu's father died of a sudden illness in a boat on the sea in Zhejiang and Jiande counties on his way to Fujian as an examiner. Zhang Mu's stepmother was devastated when she heard the obituary. She swore to die, but she couldn't bear to leave her child behind. After burying the coffin, at the invitation of her cousin, Zhang Mu left pingdingguzhou to return to Beijing this winter. Her stepmother was determined to work hard to bring up Zhang Mu. Since then, she has lived in Changzhai and never ate meat again.

When Zhang Mu was 16 years old, his stepmother invited Wu Shi, a Zhejiang Xiaoshan master, to teach him how to read. His stepmother was very strict with him in his study. He was asked to recite beside the paper every night, and the light was dim. Zhang Mu made great progress in his studies. When he was 19 years old, his stepmother married him and died of overwork. This sudden blow pressed Zhang Mu's heart, which made him cry bitterly. His life was full of frustrations. Later, he studied in his hometown of Putai mountain and gongdao temple for eight years. He was proficient in five classics and six arts, and trained in Gu, Tiansuan, and geography. In his youth, he paid attention to frontier geography and ethnic issues. Zhang Mu's third sister-in-law is the daughter of Qi Yunshi, who specializes in the study of the northwest region. She is influenced by her influence. He likes the study of Confucianism and focuses on the evolution of Zhang's study.

On Zhang Mu's entrance

In the 12th year of Daoguang (1832), Zhang Mu was admitted to zhenghuang banner as a teacher. In the 19th year of Daoguang's reign, he took a pot of wine with him and the invigilator told him to put it down. He picked up the jug, drank a little, and threw away the leftover jug. The invigilator was so angry that he ordered him to open his luggage and pick up the paper, ink pen and inkstone. Zhang Mu patted his belly and said, "this is my bookcase. All the articles are packed here. Can you find out? "The invigilator took him to the Ministry of punishment and falsely accused him of entering the court with his arms. He was released after discrimination, but he lost the chance to take the exam. Since then, Zhang Mu despised the official reputation, had no intention of official advancement, changed his name to mu, and devoted himself to writing. In the capital, he met Gong Zizhen, Wei Yuan, he Shaoji, Xu Jiyu and other celebrities through various ways.

After the Opium War, there were many affairs in the sea area, and the four sides of the army changed from floods to droughts. Zhang Mu Wen almost abandoned his sleep and food, as if he had personally experienced the difficulties. There were many reasons in the world, such as agriculture, mulberry, salt and iron, river industry, coastal defense, folk customs and scholars. He was always enthusiastic about the current politics. He was distressed by the seriousness of the national crisis. He stressed the practical learning, and thought that "practical learning is a genius"; practical learning should be applied to civil technology and science. He believed that the people's life is a kind of life Heart can rely on, once something happens, the whole people. All the books that Zhang Mu ordered were carefully examined, and all the bookstores competed to copy them.

Achievements and honors

Zhang Mu is an outstanding geographer, calligrapher and great master. He is also an important patriotic thinker in modern Chinese history. He wrote a lot in his life. His representative work is Mongolian nomad. He distinguished the four corners of the inner and Outer Mongolian tribes by using the style of local chronicles and innovation. He described the four Zhi of Daoli according to the units of Mongolian League banners. He identified the local chronicles of the tribes, and studied the evolution of their social customs and the communication relations among the northern nationalities in the past dynasties. This book is full and accurate, textual research, and makes up for the lack of Liao, Jin and Yuan history. Before that, there had never been any monograph on the history of Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia and the history and geography of Northwest China. There are 16 volumes of this book (published by Qi family of Shouyang in the first year of Tongzhi reign of Qing Dynasty in Shanxi Provincial Library). The author failed to finish it before his death. After his death, he Qiutao, his friend, collated and revised the last four volumes and supplemented them. It took ten years for the book to be finished, and it was published in the ninth year of Xianfeng (1859). In his book, Zhang Mu changed the tendency of neglecting modern times in the past historical books about the frontier problems at that time. This great achievement had a great influence on that time and later generations. Soon after its publication, this book was highly respected and valued by sinologists at home and abroad. In the late 1860s, khafarov, a tsarist Russian resident in Beijing, noticed its value and took the lead in translating it into Russian. Badley, the authority of Mongolian history in England, and Bosch, the French sinologist, highly commented on this book in their works. Up to now, this book is still an authoritative work of foreign historians.

Zhang Mu also has many books, such as Qianqiu chronicle, series collection, Zhang Peifang chronicle, Zhang Sizhou chronicle, Kuaiji Mogong chronicle, Gu Tinglin yanruoqu chronicle, historical evolution map, Tang capital fangkao, Lian Yunyi series, xiaofanghu Yudi cluster, Kunlun similarities and differences research, Russian supplement, etc. The library of Peking University, the library of Beijing Normal University, the library of Beijing and the library of Shanxi all have other collections. There are also "Han Shi lost table", "Zhang Shizhou collection of books", "Zhang Shizhou regular script research", "Mr. Zhang Shizhou's original ink treasure", "Shanyou series Preliminary Edition" and other books, which have high research value.

Social evaluation

Zhang Mu's calligraphy is elegant, vigorous and independent. Unfortunately, he died at the age of 45. Cheng Chunhai, a man of Qing Dynasty, said in his poem "send Zhang Shizhou back to Li": "Yi is lingshentang, Qingao micro water mirror. If Zhu Di does not go to the banquet, he will lie down in the library to peck. " Later generations offered sacrifices to him in Jinyang academy and Pingding ancient state hall as a memorial.

Library house

He is a calligrapher and scholar in Qing Dynasty. At the beginning, it was named Ying Siam, with the word reciting wind, the word Shizhou, and the name yinzhai. Shanxi Pingding prefecture (now Pingding County) people. He lost his parents and lived with his stepmother Li. In 1831, he was a Gongsheng candidate for county magistrate. Because he was dissatisfied with the powerful, he refused to give up his son's career. He wrote all his works. Books were checked and praised for their careful examination. All bookstores competed to publish them. He is rich in books. He has compiled the general catalogue of books collected by Zhang Shizhou, which records more than 1000 kinds of books, including more than 120 kinds of local chronicles, as well as the collection department and history department. He once engraved lianjunzhen series for Yang Shangwen. He had a close relationship with Feng Zhiyi, a book collector in Shanxi Province. He often borrowed and copied books from each other. The 16th volume of Mongolian Nomadic records, with accurate textual research, records in detail the history, mountains and castles of Mongolian tribes in Mongolia, Qinghai, Xinjiang and other places. It has extremely important academic value for the study of the history of Mongolian tribes, the history of Manchu Mongolian relations, and the historical geography of Mongolia, Qinghai, Xinjiang and other places. In the 21th year of Daoguang (1841), he also drew a Northwest map of yuanjingshidadian from Yongle Dadian and gave it to Wei Yuan. Wei Yuan engraved it into the atlas of the sea. There are seven kinds of books, such as secret history of Yuan Dynasty, journey to the west of Changchun real person. He wrote eight volumes of Gu Tinglin chronicle and Yan Qianqiu chronicle. His works include Yanchang topographical records, supplement to Russian affairs, table of Yuanyi, Mongolian Nomadic records, on the importance of keeping the order after the Haijiang incident, and collection of Wuzhai poems and essays.

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Mu