Zhang Kejiu

Zhang Kejiu

Zhang Kejiu (about 1270-1350) was named Xiaoshan (< I > < I > < I > < I >); he was named Boyuan (< I > < I > < I > < I > < I > < I > < I >); he was named Boyuan (< I > < I > < I > < I > CI Zong); he was named Zhongyuan (< I > < I > summary of Siku Quanshu (< I >), and was born in Qingyuan (now in Yinzhou District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province) In the Yuan Dynasty, he was a famous Sanqu writer and playwright. He was called "Shuangbi" together with Qiao Ji and "erzhang" together with Zhang yanghao.

There are more than 800 Xiaoling songs in existence, which is the largest number of Yuan opera writers. He was frustrated in his official career, spent his time in poetry and wine, and roamed the landscape. Most of his works are reminiscent of the past, giving and answering. He is good at writing scenery and sentences. His emphasis on antithesis and coordination makes his works form a clear and elegant style. It can be said that from Yuanqu to zhangkejiu, the process of literati has been completed.

Life of the characters

Zhang Kejiu (about 1270 ~ 1350), a famous Yuan Dynasty Sanqu writer, was born in Qingyuan Road, Zhejiang Province. He used to be such a junior official as a road official many times, and later turned to be a chief official as a road official (see the book of ghosts recorded by Cao Jianting for the above). Qian Weishan's Jiang Yue Song Feng Ji contains the poem "send Zhang Xiaoshan to Tonglu Dian history", which can be seen that it was also the history of Tonglu Dian. In the early years of Zhizheng, he was still a Kunshan Aide (< I > see Li Qi's yunyangji · Bahe Yuanzhong's posthumous scroll) < / I >), and he was still alive in the eighth year of Zhizheng (1348). He never met with talent in his life. He was an official and a hermit. He once roamed the places of interest in Jiangnan, covering Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and Hunan. In his later years, he lived in seclusion in Hangzhou.

Among more than 220 writers in Yuan Dynasty, only Zhang yanghao, Qiao Ji and Zhang Kejiu had a collection of Sanqu, but the other two were published before or after their death. In Yuan Dynasty, Zhang Kejiu not only had four collections of Sanqu handed down from generation to generation (Zhong Sicheng's book of spirits and ghosts records that "today's Yuefu" is popular in the world, Wu Yan, Su Di Yuchang "and Hu cunshan's Xiaoshan Yuefu), but also had the most selected works in Yuan Dynasty anthologies Yangchun Baixue and Yuefu Qunying. This shows that his works have been widely welcomed in the Yuan Dynasty, and even emperor Wuzong of the Yuan Dynasty made his palace maids sing his Sanqu when he was watching the moon in the palace.

Zhang Kejiu and Qiao Ji are known as two masters of Yuan Sanqu. Some of his works reveal the injustice of his frustration in life, such as "ten years of depressed riverside tourists, several times of thunder recommending Fubei, and no man's heart is hurt secretly" in "the sound of selling flowers", and also reflect the dark side of the world, such as "the article has made money hoard, the gate has been changed into enchanting array, and the incorruptible and demoralizing wonton" in "Zui Taiping Untitled"; but more of them are about writing The leisure of seclusion life, the appreciation of seclusion life, the description of a large number of landscape scenery, and the most common chanting about men and women's customs in Yuan opera.

Judging from Zhang Kejiu's works, he had contacts with Ma Zhiyuan, Lu Zhi and Guan Yunshi in his early years, and composed and sang with each other. According to the book of recording ghosts and other sporadic records, he once worked as a "chief official" in charge of Local Taxation, a history official in Tonglu, and so on. It is said that he was in his seventies and became a "Kunshan aide" (after Li Qi's bequest to Yuanzhong). In his Sanqu, he is more concerned with the life of seclusion and wandering in the river and lake. Therefore, his life is about to be spent in the hard work. What he said is "half a paper name, ten thousand miles to build a course" (spring thoughts on shangxiaolou), which is the summary of the image.

Main achievements

Productive people

Zhang Kejiu devoted all his life to the creation of Ci and qu. he was the most prolific master of Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty and one of the great masters of Yuanqu. He enjoyed a high reputation in his life. His works have various styles, such as "chanting natural scenery, describing decadent life, writing for reward, or writing about boudoir". In Yuan Dynasty, there were three kinds of Sanqu, jinyuefu, SUDI Yuchang and Wuyan (< I > see Cao Ben's book of recording ghosts < / I >), and Hu cunshan, the son of Hu Zhengchen, had compiled Xiaoshan Yuefu (< I > ditto < / I >). According to Sui Shusen's Quanyuan Sanqu, there are 855 pieces of Xiaoling, with 9 sets, the number of which is the highest in Yuan Dynasty. Xiaoshan can also write poems, which can be found in the Guiji collection of selected poems of the Yuan Dynasty, but he is famous for his Sanqu. Yuan gaozhen's Shuang Diao · Dian Qian Huan's Tiao Xiao Shan Su Di Yu Chang called him "talented enough to make the Xianglian sentence, the words are different", "the price is equal to the city jade, the name is heavy on changmen Fu"; Dashi Weiyin's Shuang Diao · Yan Yinchu and Feng Ji Xiao Shan Xian called him "the voice spread to the south, the name spread to Zhongzhou". Jia Zhongming of the Ming Dynasty supplemented the elegy in the book of recording ghosts, saying that "today's Yuefu shines on heaven and earth, Su Di Yuchang helps each other, and Wu Yan continues with the rest of the meaning", "jingshanyu, hepuzhu, overwhelms the scholars" (< I > Tianyige version of the book of recording ghosts < / I >). Zhu Quan's Taihe zhengyinpu of Ming Dynasty commented on his Ci as "Yao Tiansheng Crane", which is also called "his Ci is clear and beautiful, gorgeous but not gorgeous, and he doesn't eat fireworks and gas. It's really uninhibited talent. If he is called Taihua's immortal wind, Penglai's sea moon, and the master of chengci forest, he should be regarded as the nine high eyes.". In Ming Dynasty, Li Kai prefaced Qiao Ji's and Zhang Kejiu's Xiaoling, saying that "there are Qiao and Zhang in Yuefu, just as there are Li and Du in poets", while Wang Jide's Qulu argued: "Li Ze (Wang) Shifu, Du Ze (MA) Dongli, Shidang; Qiao (Ji), Zhang (Kejiu), Gai (LI) Changji, and Li (LI) Yishan.". Liu Xizai in Qing Dynasty called Qiao and Zhang "the two families have the same elegance, but Zhang Youran has only one ear.". Nowadays, some people may think that xiaoshanqu is elegant, and its composition is "not separated from Ci realm" and "almost the same between CI and Qu", but they also affirm that "Xiaoshan is a man-made realm, which is also the origin of Qinghua school in Sanqu" (< I > Quxie by Ren Na < / I >).

Some of his works, such as qingdongyuan, the rhyme of Ma Zhiyuan's ancestors, express the feeling of being poor and uncertain, and the feeling of being indifferent to the world; songs like the sound of selling flowers, reminiscent of the past, describe the pain of the common people and the danger of the world. This kind of works is full of cynical feelings, and to a certain extent reflects the reality of the society at that time that black and white were reversed and the virtuous and the foolish were not separated. Another content of his Xiaoshan Sanqu is yearning for seclusion and describing the scenes in his seclusion life. "Yisongjian, jiecaolu, reading sound deep green." Most of Zhang Kejiu's friends are officials and literati. His life is narrow and his works are not broad enough. There are many works of harmony, which are mediocre. Although there is resentment and discontent, it still shows a color of "resentment but not anger". Zhang Kejiu is a representative writer of Sanqu Qingli school in Yuan Dynasty. The artistic characteristics of his Sanqu are: paying attention to the rhythm and rhyme; focusing on refining words and sentences, making the antithesis neat and beautiful; integrating the use of poetry and Ci, paying attention to the implication and beauty, and often casting famous poetry and CI sentences, so as to be elegant. Most of his works are to appreciate the scenery of mountains and rivers, to express his personal feelings and to cherish the past. At the same time, it absorbs the rhythm, syntax and rhetoric of poetry into Sanqu, forming a clear and natural style. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it has been highly valued by scholars. In Ming Dynasty, Zhu Quan's Taihe zhengyinpu was praised as "the master of Ci". At that time, he was a key figure in the transition of the song style of a generation. In the early period of Yuan Dynasty, the creation of Sanqu advocated natural truth, while in the later period, it pursued elegance and uprightness. Zhang Kejiu's creative practice has played an important role in the transformation of the style. His Sanqu was regarded as a model in the later period.

Achievements of Sanqu

In his early years, Zhang Kejiu had contacts with Ma Zhiyuan, Lu Zhi and Guan Yunshi, and composed music and sang with each other. His Sanqu is about the life of seclusion and wandering in the river and lake, just like his own image of "half a paper name, ten thousand li Xiucheng" (< I > "shangxiaolou · chunsi" < / I >).

Zhang Kejiu's life experience as an official has a great influence on his creation. The frustrations of life made him sad and yearn for seclusion. Therefore, there are more scenes and feelings in the works. Although "Seclusion" is a traditional theme, for Zhang Kejiu, it has its special and profound ideological connotation: he spent his whole life in the official world, and at the age of 70, he was still a petty official "Kunshan County aide"; at the age of 80, he was also a "Tax Supervisor Songyuan", and he had no alternative Most of his friends are officials and scholars, so his life is narrow and his works are not broad enough. He has many works of harmony, which are mediocre both in thought and art. At the same time, his social status and experience determine that his attitude towards life is more obedient. Although he is resentful and unfair, they all show a color of "resentful but not angry".

Zhang Kejiu plays an important role in the history of Sanqu. In the early Yuan Dynasty, Sanqu artists were fashionable and natural, while in the late Yuan Dynasty, they pursued elegance and uprightness. Zhang Kejiu played an important role in this epoch-making transformation. He made every effort to break away from the original characteristics of Sanqu and enter Yazheng. With rich and colorful and beautiful style, he became a wonderful flower among the flowers of Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty. Zhang Kejiu is listed in the book of recording ghosts as a kind of person who has only known each other until now. He specializes in Sanqu, especially in Xiaoling, and can get the legacy of Yuefu.

Zhang Kejiu's Sanqu works were integrated at that time. According to Sui Shusen's Quan Yuan Sanqu, there are 855 coexisting Xiaoling, with 9 sets, accounting for one fifth of Yuan Sanqu. His works include Wu Yan, Su Di Yu Chang, Xiao Shan Bei Qu yue fu, and Tian Yi Ge's Xiao Shan yue fu, a total of six volumes.

Zhang Kejiu is a representative of the "Qingli school" in the Yuan Dynasty, known as the "master of Ci". Liu Xizai, a poet in the Qing Dynasty, praised him as "the leader of the Qu family". The main artistic features of his Sanqu are: paying attention to rhythm and rhyme, focusing on forging words and refining sentences, neat antithesis, harmonious words and sentences, and integrating poetic methods

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Ke Jiu