Zhang Peilun

Zhang Peilun

Zhang Peilun (November 24, 1848 to February 4, 1903) was born in Fengrun qijiatuo, Zhili (now Fengrun District, Tangshan City, Hebei). In the late Qing Dynasty, Zhang Yintang, a famous official in Anhui Province, was the son of Zhang Yintang and the grandfather of Zhang Ailing, a talented woman in modern times.

Tongzhi ten years (1871), in the Jinshi, awarded the Imperial Academy. In his early years, he worked in the capital, and he was appointed "Qingliu". He served as the censor of the left Deputy capital and was famous for impeaching ministers. At the beginning of the Sino French war, he strongly advocated the war of resistance against Japan. He took the rank of minister of three grades to handle Fujian coastal defense affairs, and also served as the Minister of shipping. After the defeat of Mawei, he was removed from his post and exiled to Zhangjiakou. During the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, he was impeached to intervene in official affairs and moved to Nanjing.

In 1903, he died in Nanjing at the age of 56. He is the author of Jianyu diary.

Life of the characters

Early experience

Zhang Peilun, Minister of the late Qing Dynasty. The word is Youqiao, the word is Shengan, the word is kuzhai. Zhili Fengrun people. Tongzhi Jinshi. In 1875, he was promoted to Shi Shuo by the compilation examination, and became an official of daily life. Later, he entered Li Hongzhang. According to Zhang's family ride in Wudi County, Shandong Province, Zhang moved from Hongdong, Shanxi Province to Zhangjia dock, Wudi County, Shandong Province in the second year of Yongle, Ming Dynasty, and the eighth ancestor moved from Wudi to qijiatuo village, Fengrun county.

As a teenager, he is quick to respond and can write a few thousand words at a time. In the ninth year of Tongzhi, he was a scholar in the tenth year and a editor in the thirteenth year. In the first year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, he was ranked second and third in the imperial examination. He was promoted to be an official in charge of daily life. Because he witnessed the deepening of foreign invasion, he was "tired of Chen Jingguo's Great Policies" and generous in discussing world affairs. He was the same as Zhang Zhidong and Chen Baochen as the main generals of Qingliu at that time. Li Hongzhang's inner worries are in the limelight.

In 1882, the left Deputy censor of the Ministry of justice. In view of France's invasion of Vietnam and its coveting of China's border areas, he wrote more than ten memorials and advocated resisting France. At the beginning of the Sino French war, it was the main battle. He was also appointed as Minister of shipping.

On July 15, 1884, French warships intruded into Mawei harbor and were not on guard. On August 23, French warships launched an attack. Fujian navy was destroyed and Mawei shipyard was destroyed. He Ruzhang, the shipping Minister of Fujian Province, was demobilized. He was released in 1888 and returned to Li Hongzhang. During the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, he was impeached to "interfere in public affairs" and ordered to return to his native place, so he moved to Nanjing.

Main argument

At the beginning of the Sino French dispute, Zhang Peilun played on many occasions and made a keynote speech, stressing that China and Vietnam are interdependent and that the more they die, the more China will suffer. There are three reasons for China to win

1、 Just after the end of the Franco Prussian War, France ceded its territory to make reparations, and its national strength was rather poor;

2、 There was a long distance between China and France. It took 20 to 30 days for the French army to arrive in Fujian, but it took three days for the Qing army to arrive in Fujian, and it took 10 days for the Qing army to arrive in Fujian;

3、 After the French occupation of Vietnam, they carried out tyranny. As long as they sent people to call on them, the Vietnamese people would respond to it, trapping the French army in all directions.

After Zhang Peilun arrived in Fujian, he immediately investigated the situation of the shipping administration bureau and the fortresses along the Minjiang River. He advocated that the sinking ships should block the Minjiang River Estuary, so that French ships could not enter. However, the Qing government did not allow preemptive attack. As a result, he sat by and watched a large number of French warships enter the Minjiang River. In the battle of Majiang, the French fleet commander called Zhang Peilun alone and ordered him to surrender within 12 hours, otherwise he would attack Fujian Navy. But Zhang Peilun did not receive this letter, which led to the annihilation of the whole army.

After the war, Zhang Peilun was impeached by the party in charge of the central government, and some figures in the central government attacked him with various purposes. The Qing court sent Zuo Zongtang and others, who usually had different opinions with Zhang Peilun, to investigate the case. After the repetition, the imperial court accused Zuo Zongtang and others of exonerating Zhang Peilun. In 1885, the imperial court ordered Zhang Peilun to be sent to the military station to make atonement and garrison Chahar, chahantuoluohai, Zhangjiakou and other places.

Three years later, he returned to Beijing and joined Li Hongzhang. He was in charge of documents. Because his former wife was dead, he married Ju ou, Li Hongzhang's youngest daughter. Zhang Peilun was grateful to Li Hongzhang for his help. Before the outbreak of the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, Li Hongzhang was advised to withdraw the Qing army stationed in Korea first, "show weakness and pride to the enemy, and then try to make a large-scale plan". Duan Liang, the censor, impeached him to intervene in official affairs, and was expelled to his native place. On the way to the south, he lived in Nanjing.

Qingliu party members

From 1879 to 1881, during the period of Ding's mother's worry, she entered Li Hongzhang's tent and visited the coastal defense fortifications in Tianjin to discuss the coastal defense affairs. After returning to his post after the expiration of the system, he criticized the government for many times, impeached the minister, and dismissed Wang Wenshao, the Minister of the Ministry of household. Guangxu eight years (1882), the Department left Deputy censor, just took office, immediately impeachment and recall dereliction of duty several people, up and down the horror. Thus, he became a member of the Qingliu party who "got the farthest name and the deepest taboo". In May of the next year, he was promoted to Bachelor of science.

From 1875 to 1884, 127 memorials and films were presented, among which one third impeached ministers and remonstrated directly. At that time, the dispute between China and France had already started. Zhang Peilun asked for the development of Navy and the establishment of four naval towns in the South and the north to guard against it, which led to Liu Yongfu's black flag army to increase its strength. The Qing court hated him for obstructing the peace negotiation and ordered him to work in Shaanxi.

After returning to Beijing, he walked in the prime minister's office, repeatedly argued in foreign negotiations, and tit for tat with the unreasonable demands of foreign governments. British Minister Bashari used the "Shamian incident" to exert pressure on the General Administration, forbidding China to punish the murderer and yelling at the table. Zhang Peilun immediately asked, "you have caused a war between the two countries. Do you want to do it again?" Afterwards, China made a formal protest to Britain.

In 1884, Prince Gong Yi Luo and others were cleared out of the military and aircraft department and the General Administration by the Empress Dowager. Zhang Peilun tried to recover the situation. As a result, he disagreed with the Qing government and made too many enemies in the court, which made him lose power in politics. At the same time, due to the tense relations between China and France, he was sent to Fujian to handle maritime affairs, and later to be a shipping minister.

resign from an official position

In 1900, when he heard the news that the Allied forces of eight countries had captured Dagukou, Zhang Peilun was so anxious that he "coughed up blood and promoted Xu" and "tired of drawing up the strategy of King Qin and army". In February of the next year, Li Hongzhang recommended him to follow the peace treaty, and Zhang Bei went up to Li Mu, but he did not give up his official title. After the peace treaty was completed, Li Hongzhang recommended Zhang Peilun, and the Qing government used sipingjingtang, but Zhang Peilun refused.

Death of illness

In 1903, he died in Nanjing at the age of 56.

Main achievements

Zhang Peilun was a learned man, who was at the same time with Zhang Zhidong. He devoted all his life to the study of Guanzi and was good at memorials. He wrote Jian Yu Ji and Jian Yu diary. Following the example of Sikuquanshu, the catalogues compiled include GuanZhai bibliography and Fengrun Zhangshi bibliography. There are more than 600 kinds of books, among which there are many copies of Song Dynasty and Yingsong Dynasty. He wrote a cookbook and a martial arts novel together with Li Ju.

personal works

In 1900, after the Allied forces of the eight countries occupied Beijing, they went north to compile and coordinate the peace talks. Because he disagreed with Li Hongzhang in his attitude towards Russia, he returned to Nanjing, and since then he has not been able to get sick. When he was in the central court, he often visited the Liulichang bookstore in Beijing, where he had a rich collection of books. His ex-wife Zhu banxiang is the daughter of Zhu Xueqin, the owner of jieyilu. After Zhu Fu died early, his 80 cabinets of books belonged to him.

Following the example of Sikuquanshu, we have compiled the catalogue of collection GuanZhai bibliography and Fengrun Zhangshi bibliography. There are more than 600 kinds of books, including the copy of Song Dynasty and the copy of YingYuan of Song Dynasty. Before and after the revolution of 1911, his books began to come out. Song Jiaoren, Yu Youren and other veterans of the Republic of China had many kinds of books. Among them, Song Jiaoren got 100 boxes of books and transported them to Beijing. After Song Jiaoren died, his books were lost.

His works include Jian Yu Ji, Jian Yu diaries, etc.

Anecdotes and allusions

In May 1888, Zhang returned to Tianjin to cast Li Hongzhang's curtain. Li AI Zhang Zhicai soon betrothed his daughter Li Juyou (1867-1912) to Zhang as a sequel. Although the age difference is large, but the couple gambling chess, playing the piano, singing and chanting, quite boudoir music. Li Juyou is Zhang Ailing's grandmother.

Zhang Peilun recorded this life in detail in his diary of Jianyu. Zhang wrote: "when you drink with Ju You, you can see the moon is clear and round, the fragrance of flowers is swaying, and the wine is slightly drunk." Li Hongzhang specially titled their study "Lan Pian Guan". On the combination of Zhang and Li, the literati Liang dingfen wrote a poem specially, saying: "the short Zhai learned books, but did not learn the war, defeated, and walked freely to the bridal chamber." The banter is vivid and the story is well told.

Zhang Peilun has been living in Tianjin Lifu since his marriage. After the outbreak of the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, Li Jingfang, the eldest son of Li Hongzhang, wanted to be the commander-in-chief of the former enemy and remonstrate for Zhang Peilun. Therefore, the relationship between his uncle and Lang was like water and fire. Duan Liang, the censor of Li Jingfang's movement, impeached Zhang Peilun on the ground of dismissing officials for discussing state affairs. As a result, Guangxu ordered Zhang to be expelled.

Instead of returning to Fengrun, Zhang settled in Jinling with his wife. In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), when he heard the news that Dagukou had been captured by the Allied forces of eight countries, he was so anxious that he coughed up blood and promoted Xu, and drew up the strategy of King Qin and army. The following year, Li Hongzhang recommended him to follow the peace treaty. Zhang Peilun came to Tianjin for the third time to join Li Mu, but he resolutely resigned from his official title.

member of family

father

Zhang Yintang, Anhui Provincial envoy;

wife

Original: Zhu Zhixiang

Stepmother: Bian Cuiyu, who died of illness and had no children during Zhang Peilun's exile.

Stepmother: Li juou, daughter of Prime Minister Li Hongzhang

children

Eldest son: Zhang zhicang

Second son: Zhang Zhiqian

Third son: Zhang Zhiyi, the father of Zhang Ailing, a famous modern female writer.

Daughter: Zhang MaoYuan

My cousin: Zhang Renjun, governor of Liangjiang, Yuan Shikai's family.

Historical records

Zhang Peilun, named Youqiao, was born in Fengrun, Zhili. His father Yintang, an official of Anhui Province, died in the army. Peilun was a Jinshi in the 10th year of Tongzhi. He promoted his speech by compiling a large examination,

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Pei Lun