Zhang boduan

Zhang boduan

Zhang boduan (984-1082), a native of Tiantai (now Zhejiang Province), was named Ziyang after Pingshu. Gao Dao was famous in the Northern Song Dynasty. Chifeng "Ziyang immortal".

He was smart and studious when he was young. He studied the classics of the three religions, as well as the techniques of criminal law, calligraphy and calculation, medical divination, battle array, astronomy, geography, auspicious and ominous life and death. He was a senior official of Taizhou government. In 1060, he was banished to the south of the five ridges and went on the road of seeking immortality. At the beginning of the reign of Zhiping (1064), Lu Shen was appointed governor of Guilin, and Zhang boduan was appointed to take charge of confidential information. When he changed his knowledge to Chengdu, he followed. In the second year of Xining reign (1069), he met a stranger in Tianhui temple in Chengdu and got the recipe of golden elixir fire. Lu Shen died in the third year of Xining (1070), and Zhang boduan returned to Taizhou, where he built a family and lived in the mountains. He wrote Wuzhen in the eighth year of Xining (1075). Later, he went out of the mountain and moved to Qinlong (today's Shaanxi and Gansu), where he worked as a horse in the east of the river and practiced in the Yinshan Mountains of the Han Dynasty. Chu Hou was called, and before he left, Bo duantuo wrote Wuzhen. In his later years, he returned to Taizhou, lived in Tongbai mountain, worshipped Taoism, taught Taoism widely, and died in Baibu river.

Zhang boduan was a great master of inner alchemy in the Northern Song Dynasty, earlier than Quanzhen religion. He advocated inner alchemy as the way to cultivate immortality, and took "double cultivation of life" as the main purpose of inner cultivation. It is believed that human body is the cauldron, the essence of human body and mind is the medicine, and the spirit is the fire. Through internal refining (refining spirit to return to deficiency), the essence can be condensed to form a "golden elixir". His Taoist thought was deeply influenced by Zen Buddhism. He advocated "three religions in one" and tried to integrate Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism with the Taoist theory of cultivating life. He was honored as "the first ancestor of Nanzong" by Quanzhen Taoism, and was honored as "the fifth ancestor of Nanzong" by Quanzhen Taoism, together with Shi Tai, the immortal cuixuan of Xinglin, Xue Shi, the immortal Zixian of Daoguang, Chen Nan, the immortal cuixu of Niwan, and Bai Yuchan, the immortal Zixu of qiongxuan. In Sikuquanshu, Wu Zhen Pian and Shentong Qi of Zhouyi written by Wei Boyang in Han Dynasty are called "king of Dan Jing". In addition, he also wrote the secret recipe of jade Qing and gold in Qinghua, the four hundred words of golden elixir and the secret of Jinhua.

Profile

Zhang boduan (984-1082), also known as Yongcheng (Cheng), was granted the title of Ziyang immortal. The ancestor of the Southern Sect of Taoism (Jindan sect). In the Northern Song Dynasty, Tiantai people lived in Zhejiang Province. Since childhood, he has been erudite and has been involved in classics, medicine, divination, military and arithmetic. He once lived in Linhai, Taizhou City for a long time and was exiled to Lingnan because of burning documents. From then on, he wandered in the clouds and water, searched for his teachers, visited Taoism, and practiced internal alchemy.

In the fourth year of the reign of song Yingzong (1067), Zhang boduan invested in Lu Shen, the governor of Guilin. The next year, it will be transferred to Chengdu. In Chengdu Tianhui temple, Liu haichan (the descendant of LV Dongbin) taught him "the recipe of golden elixir medicine fire", which made his original unknown place suddenly "fog open and sunlight shine".

The next year (1070) when Lu Shen died of illness, Zhang boduan went to Hanyin mountain (now Ziyang County, Shaanxi Province) to practice. After the completion of Taoism, he transferred to Qinlong (Shaanxi Gansu area) to preach. Unexpectedly, "three pass non-human, three suffered disasters", was exiled Fengzhou prefect. Fortunately, on the way to release him from custody, he met Shi Tai and was released. While appreciating him, Zhang boduan gave him the secret.

Later, he returned through Yicheng and lived in Tongbai palace in Tiantai Mountain, where he practiced, wrote books, preached and taught. In the eighth year of Xining (1075), Chen Neidan wrote the classic Wuzhen. Later, he went to Yanzhou, Shandong Province, and asked Ma Mo, the magistrate, to "spread the book.". Then he often went back to Tongbai palace to practice. On March 15, the 5th year of Yuanfeng (1082), Zhang Bo Duan passed by Baibu River (now Linhai) to and from Linhai. He hydrolyzed and emerged. He was 99 years old. Later generations built Ziyang hall in Tongbai palace to worship, and built ancestral temples in Baibu and Linhai old residence to commemorate.

Zhang boduan's "Wuzhen chapter" advocates "the unification of three religions". On the basis of the Taoist traditional life skill, he introduces the Confucian method of "exhausting nature" and the Buddhist method of "achieving the nature of the mind" to bring out the inner alchemy and the plate hidden in the golden elixir, forming the Nanzong alchemy of "double cultivation of life, life before nature", which effectively promotes the development of Chinese Taoism. Wuzhenpian and shentongqi of Zhouyi written by Boyang of Han and Wei dynasties are called "the king of Danjing". Zhang boduan is regarded as the ancestor of Nanzong of Taoism (Jindan sect), and tongbaigong has become the ancestral court of Nanzong. Zhang boduan and his lineage Shi Tai Xue Daoguang Chen Nan Bai Yuchan are called the Southern Five ancestors.

Life experience

Zhang boduan's life related historical materials are mostly vague and sometimes false, which brings difficulties for later studies. Fortunately, the preface of wuzhenpian has left reliable records, so this entry is based on the two prefaces of wuzhenpian written by Zhang boduan himself, confirmed by the official history records of the intersecting characters, absorbed the research results of modern people, and made rigorous textual research on the relevant historical materials of previous dynasties, trying to sort out the life of Zhang boduan who is closest to the historical truth.

1、

Rural rooftop

In the preface of Wuzhen chapter, Zhang boduan signed "Tiantai zhangbo Duanping uncle" in his own handwriting, and his Tiantai native place is clear. After 600 years, there was no objection. However, since the "Linhai theory" first appeared in Kangxi Linhai county annals of the Qing Dynasty, Zhang boduan's hometown has become a controversial historical case for three hundred years. Until the compilation of new China's annals, scholars were realistic and pragmatic. The 1989 edition of Linhai county annals first abandoned the false records about Zhang boduan in the old annals, and no longer established a biography for him. Both Tiantai county annals and Taizhou regional annals established a biography for him, which made Zhang boduan's identity as a Tiantai person clear. So far, "Zhang boduan is from Tiantai" has become a consensus.

However, at the turn of the century, in the wave of celebrity controversy caused by "cultural setting up, economic singing", Linhai scholars re claimed that "zhangboduan is a Linhai people" based on "county people are Linhai people", "Yongzheng emperor recognized zhangboduan as a Linhai people", "Tiantai Qi Zhaonan changed zhangboduan into a Linhai people", which caused a new round of academic debate . However, with the publication of the research papers on "several key issues of Zhang boduan's native place" in the Journal of religious studies, several scholars who had previously held the "Linhai theory" turned to agree with the "Tiantai theory" one after another, and the authors of the "Taizhou Daoism research" who held the "reserved opinion" also publicly said that they would "no longer argue". However, in the Taoist circles, no matter how controversial the society is about the native place of Zhang boduan, for hundreds of years, Taoists recited the "baogao of the five southern ancestors" every morning. The opening sentence "the Nine Emperors descended from the Tiantai" clearly tells us that (the Nine Emperors) Zhang boduan is from Tiantai.

In 2014, Taizhou Federation of Social Sciences conducted a special research on the issue of Zhang boduan's native place. Its achievement "the origin of the debate on Zhang boduan's native place" came to the clear conclusion that "Zhang boduan is from Tiantai", marking the end of the debate on Zhang boduan's native place again.

2、

Taizhou government officials

Although Zhang boduan was erudite as a young man, it can be seen from the records of Shao Yong's meeting in Luoyang that he said that "he had worked hard in Confucianism, studied traditional Chinese culture for a long time, but was not in the first place" and Weng Baoguang's Wuzhen pianzhu in the Southern Song Dynasty that he "studied to create Yong, but only Weng (Zhang boduan) was not in the second place". As a scholar who failed in the imperial examination, it was a natural choice to submit to the officials of Taizhou in order to make a living. As a result, there are traces of his old residence near the sea.

The statement that Zhang boduan was appointed as an official of Taizhou government was first found in the annals of Linhai County of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty. Before that, Bai Yuchan in the Southern Song Dynasty called him "Yuanfeng yizaoli" in the praise of Ziyang immortal, the ancestor of Gaozu. This zaoli should refer to Taizhou government officials, and Yuanfeng may be a general reference, because Zhang boduan was over 95 years old during the Yuanfeng period, so it was impossible to be a zaoli any more.

Later, according to Lu Sicheng's Lu Yanfu Ji, Zhang boduan was "tired of sitting down and relegated to Lingnan military status." What's the explanation for the word "sitting tired"? The answer given by Kangxi Linhai county annals in Qing Dynasty is that Zhang boduan is "fish addicted". In the official business, home meals to the public to eat fish play hidden between the beams. Uncle Ping suspected that his maidservant had stolen it, so he turned to his maidservant. The maid died. One day, the insects came down from the beam. The fish rotted and the insects came out. Uncle Ping sighed with a sigh and said, "I don't know how many kinds of fish are stolen because of the accumulation of bamboo slips and boxes." As the poem says: "the knife and pen have been around for 40 years, and there are thousands of right and wrong. A family with enough food and clothing, a thousand family grudges, half a lifetime of fame and half a lifetime of guilt. The purple ribbon and gold medal are gone now, and the bamboo stick and the sandals are leisurely. Some people asked me about Penglai Road, where the clouds are in the green mountains and the moon is in the sky. " At the end of the Fu, he set fire to the files. They were sent to garrison according to the law of burning documents. " However, this view is reasonable, but it can not stand scrutiny. The "fish case" is only a legend that is not exclusive to Linhai. For example, the plot of Changzhou version is the same, but the protagonist is not Zhang boduan, an official of the government, but Gong Zibin, a county official. "Fu Shi" is a kind of poem written by Fu Qi, Fujian Lian's envoy to MI lansha during the yuan and Shun dynasties. Therefore, the records are hard to be based on. According to Taizhou Taoist research, Zhang boduan was exiled to Lingnan for the crime of burning documents On the one hand, he sympathized with the unjust cases, and more importantly, he was dissatisfied with the feudal society.

3. Lingnan Road

Lingnan refers to the area to the south of Wuling (Yuechengling, Dupangling, mengzhuling, Qitianling and Dayuling), which is equivalent to the whole territory of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Historically, Lingnan was regarded as a place of exile because it was far away from the Central Plains.

It is generally believed that banishment is unfortunate, but for Zhang boduan, who is good at Taoism, he can abandon secular affairs and concentrate on Taoism, thus embarking on the bright road of cultivating Taoism and becoming an immortal. The specific location of Zhang boduan's exile in Lingnan has not been recorded. In Yuan Dynasty, there are two versions of the book "a general mirror of the real immortals and the Tao" and "Wu Zhen's original and final deeds". Late spread the way of Hunyuan, but not prepared, diligently visit, traversing the four Some people think that the "Yunshui" here is the Yunshui River in Lechang County, Guangdong Province, but there are no relics or legends related to Zhang boduan, and Lechang is not a Taoist scenic spot, so there is no basis for Zhang boduan's visit to Yunshui. matter

Chinese PinYin : Zhang Bo Duan