Hongzhi

Fang Yizhi

Fang Yizhi (from 1611 to November 9, 1671) was named Mizhi, mangong, Luqi and longmian fool. After he became a monk, he changed his name to Dazhi, Wuke and Hongzhi. He was also called Yaodi monk. Nanzhili anqing Tongcheng (now Anhui Tongcheng) people. Ming Dynasty famous thinker, philosopher, scientist. Fang Xuejian, the great grandson of the literati, was one of the four princes in the late Ming Dynasty.

Fang Yizhi's life was just at the turn of Ming and Qing Dynasties, when the situation was turbulent and the regime changed. His personal fortune is also very bumpy. Life can be divided into three periods. In the early days, from the youth to the age of thirty-three, due to the support of their ancestors, they were able to live the life of rich and noble literati, who were "dressed in clothes, dressed in horses, singing and blowing, leisure and elegant". In the middle period, he fled to Nanjing from Beijing after the fall of Ming Dynasty, and then traveled to Guangdong and Guangxi through Zhejiang and Fujian. He was 34 to 42 years old. His hard ten years of exile left a deep mark on his thoughts. In his later years, he returned to the north in the ninth year of Shunzhi (1652) and died at the age of 61 in the tenth year of Kangxi (1671).

Fang Yizhi, based on his family background, learned from many people's strong points and advocated the combination of Chinese and western, and the unification of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. He has written more than 4 million words in his life, many of which are scattered and lost. There are dozens of existing works with extensive contents, including literature, history, philosophy, geography, medicine and physics.

Life of the characters

Fang Yizhi inherited family education and received Confucian traditional education since childhood. He was raised by his mother and aunt. Her aunt Fang Weiyi is the daughter of Fang Dazhen, a young minister of Dali in Ming Dynasty, and the wife of Yao sunqi. Fang Weiyi was a famous poetess at that time. He once traveled with his father to Jiading, Sichuan, Funing, Fujian, Hebei, Beijing and other places, where he saw famous mountains and rivers, lived in Beijing, and read western books. Besides family education, the teachers he taught were also famous scholars at that time. Bai Yu was good at Ci, Fu and classics, and advocated practical learning. Wang Xuan was a master of spring and Autumn Annals at that time. Fu Haifeng was a famous doctor at that time. In addition, the family has a rich collection of books, known as "two are the word sea, a Xihuang" jigutang. In such an environment, Fang Yizhi was influenced by a strong academic atmosphere. Because their ancestors were directly or indirectly related to the Donglin Party. He also developed the habit of caring about the times when he was young. At the age of 14, he walked to the examination hall hundreds of miles away to take part in the examination, in order to temper his will.

As an adult, Fang Yizhi traveled extensively between Jianghuai and Wuyue, visited all the book collectors, read extensively, made friends and made friends. Among his friends were western missionaries Bi Fangji and Tang ruowang, who read western books. From them, Fang Yizhi learned about modern western natural science, thus broadening his vision and enriching his knowledge. He said: "today, there are many things going on at Xiaji. People at home and abroad can't help but recognize the situation of the four directions. The mountains and rivers are full of rumors and customs, and the changes are chaotic and unpredictable." He once wrote a poem: "the frost is as heavy as snow, and the lonely people are going to the south, so there is no way that they can have no feelings for their homeland. Scolding, holding and teasing is just beginning to laugh, and the yoke of the morning glory is always in vain. Lingyun has been in the Jianghu for a long time, and the sound of wind and rain comes from the sword. There are only a few letters in the sea, and there is crazy life at the foot of longmian mountain. " He expressed his extraordinary political ambition. In order to remonstrate the emperor to select the virtuous and use the energy, eliminate the malpractice, and carry out some reforms, he wrote the imperial edict of seeking the virtuous, the book of seeking the rule, the book of seeking the study and meeting the people, and so on. He once said in the book "after the biography of Shulu Shiyi" that he would "help the East China Sea and wash the dirt of the world". He once made alliance with Zhang Pu, Chen Zilong, Wu Weiye, Chen Zhenhui, Wu Yingji, Hou Fangyu, etc. to restore the society, judged the figures, satirized the court situation, and called himself "four CHILDES", who moved the world with his articles. Fang Yizhi's father, Fang Kongzhou, was impeached by Yang Sichang when he was the governor of Huguang. Fang Yizhi had a blood sparing lawsuit, and Fang Kongzhou was released. It was a good story.

In 1640, Fang Yizhi, a 30-year-old Jinshi, was selected as a good scholar. Someone recommended him to Emperor Chongzhen. He called to the hall of virtue and government. Fang Yizhi said that he was good when he was in the right place. After that, he served as an official of the Ministry of industry, the Imperial Academy, the prince and Yongwang.

In 1644, Li Zicheng's peasant army invaded Beijing, and Chongzhen emperor hanged himself. Fang Yizhi wept in front of Chongzhen's death and was captured by the peasant army. The peasant army severely tortured him, and "two condylar bones see" (Biography of Fang Yizhi in the history of Ming Dynasty), but he refused to surrender. Soon after Li Zicheng defeated Shanhaiguan, Fang Yizhi escaped by chance and survived. When Fang Yizhi vowed not to surrender the peasant army in Beijing to the south of the Yangtze River, his friends all compared him to Wen Tianxiang.

Fang Yizhi went to Nanjing to join the Hongguang regime of Nanming Dynasty. His enemy Ruan Dacheng controlled the Hongguang regime of Nanming Dynasty. He was constantly excluded and persecuted, so he had to change his name to Wu Shigong and live in Lingnan and Guangdong to sell medicine. Soon after, Emperor Longwu of the Southern Ming Dynasty called on the former officials and ordinary people, but Fang Yizhi didn't answer. He named it "Sanping" and wandered in the mountains and waters of the Pearl River. In the second year of Longwu reign, Zhu Youlang, the king of Guangxi, became emperor in Zhaoqing. Due to the introduction of Qu Shihua, the father, Fang Yizhi took part in the activities of supporting Yongli regime. He was appointed Zuo zhongyun, shaozhan Shi, a scholar of Hanlin academy, a minister of rites, and a Bachelor of Dongge. Fang Yizhi soon found that the regime of the king of Guangxi did not guarantee the evening, which did not live up to its name We fight in war. The king of GUI was even more timid, and he ran away when he heard the wind. All this made Fang Yizhi disheartened. Later, he was impeached and removed by eunuch Wang Kun. He had to hide in the areas of Hunan, Guangxi and western Guangdong where ethnic minorities live together, living a life of "living together in a thatched cottage with chickens, and living as a neighbor in a deserted village with ghosts".

When the Qing army went south in a large scale, he became a monk in Wuzhou, became famous and wrote indignantly. At the same time, he organized secret organizations to fight against the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming Dynasty. In the fourth year of Yongli, the Qing army captured Pingle in Guangxi, and Fang Yizhi was arrested. The Qing army put a Qing army uniform on the left side of Fang Yizhi and a bright knife on the right side, which Fang Yizhi could choose. Without hesitation, Fang Yizhi immediately ran to the right side, indicating that he would rather die than surrender. The Manchu generals appreciated his integrity and released him. After his release, in the seventh year of Shunzhi, Pizhi became a monk. He changed his name to Hongzhi, which was also called Dazhi, Yaodi and master fool. In his later years, he settled in Jingju Temple of Qingyuan mountain in Luling, Jiangxi Province, and called himself Jiwan old man.

In the winter of the 10th year of Kangxi (1671), Fang Yizhi was arrested for his involvement in Guangdong affairs. He was transported to Guangdong and passed through Wan'an, Jiangxi Province. He died of gangrene on October 7 (November 8). In 1972, Yu Yingshi, a contemporary Chinese American scholar, thought that Fang Yizhi had gone to the beach in fear, remembered the deeds of Wen Tianxiang of the previous dynasty, and drowned himself in Wan'an of Jiangxi Province in fear of dying on the beach river.

early stage

From youth to the 17th year of Chongzhen (1644)

Fang Yizhi's youth activities mainly took place in Nanjing and Tongcheng, and occasionally passed through Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces and finally went to Beijing.

Activities of Ze society in Tongcheng. In the early years of Chongzhen, Fang Yizhi established the "Ze society" in the suburban Ze garden built by his father. In the society, there are many people, such as Fang Wen, his cousin, Sun Lin, Qian Bingting, Zhou Qi. Fang wrote poems and compositions, read classics and history, and cared about "the principle of all things". He wrote notes at any time, accumulated rich knowledge and laid an academic foundation. Fang's two masters are Bai Yu (the word is Xianzhong) and Wang Xuan (the word is Huaqing, the name is Xuzhou) from Jinxi, Jiangxi Province. At that time, Wang was more than 70 years old, and his book "physics" inspired him to write "little knowledge of physics". A group of vigorous young people in Ze society often sing freely and talk about the world affairs. Fang said. "Chuzeyuan, what a sad song If you like to talk about the affairs of the world, you can't stop talking generously. " (preface to the collection of sun Wugong) like the societies in the southeast at that time, this group not only studied literature, but also took on political color.

At that time, Ruan Dacheng in Tongcheng was the remaining Party of Wei Zhongxian's eunuch party, and he was included in the list of "adverse cases" at the beginning of Chongzhen. Fang's classmate Qian Chengzhi once joined the jiangshe founded by Ruan Dacheng when he retired to Yanghui. After Fang's wisdom dissuaded him, he withdrew from the jiangshe. This event was recorded in the chronicle of Qian Tian field in 1632 A.D. "when Wu of Fang Mi traveled back, he said to the emperor of Fu (i.e. Qian Chengzhi) that Wu's affairs were related to the situation of the imperial court. He first distinguished Qi, and all eunuchs were rejected. How can we be the leader of the alliance? How early from different! "Wu Xiashi" refers to Zhang Pu and Zhang Cai's establishment and restoration of the society. "Distinguishing Qi" is to distinguish Donglin, fushe and Weidang. In this way, Qian Chengzhi turned to take part in the literature class of zeshe, and he refused to go to any meeting of jiangshe. Ruan Dacheng, as the "forefather of the countryside", began to have a feud with each other. Nandu's Liu Du Fang Luan Gong Jie

In 1634, Fang Yizhi moved to Nanjing. Huang Zongxi, Wu Yingji, Chen Zhenhui, Mao Xiang, Hou Fangyu, Gu Gao, Shen kuntong, Chen Liang and other celebrities have made friends with the world.

In the 10th year of Chongzhen (1637 AD), Zhou Maolan and Wei Xuelian, the orphans of Six Gentlemen killed by Donglin Party, were equal to taoyedu. Fang Yizhi and Chen Liang once wrote a long poem chronicle, which raised their voice and exhaled for the Donglin Party. At this time, Ruan Dacheng lived in Nanjing, talked about swords, contacted all parties, and hoped to rise again.

In 1639 A.D., Chen Zhenhui and Wu Yingji jointly drafted the declaration of banishing Ruan Dacheng, which was "leaving the capital to guard against chaos". Gongjie was signed by Gu Gao, the grandson of Gu Xiancheng, the founder of Donglin, and Huang Zongxi, a total of 140 people. Under the guidance of thousands of people, Ruan Dacheng hid himself in Niushou mountain outside the city and did not dare to enter the city. Although Fang Yizhi returned to Tongcheng in spring this year, he came back in autumn

Chinese PinYin : Hong Zhi