Pang Shangpeng

Pang Shangpeng

Pang Shangpeng (1524-1580), whose name is shaonan, was born in diejiao Township, Nanhai County, Guangzhou Prefecture, Guangdong Province (now Nanhai District, Foshan City).

In 1553 (32 years of Jiajing), Pang shangpengzhong was awarded the title of magistrate of Pingle County, Raozhou Prefecture, Jiangxi Province. He cared for the suffering of the people, worked hard and loved the people, and abided by the law like a mountain. In 1557, he was awarded the title of censor of Fujian Province, and severely punished the greedy and tyrannical royal guards. In 1565, he changed the patrol to Zhejiang Province, and started the pilot "one whip method", which laid the foundation for Zhang Juzheng's national tax reform In 1568, he was appointed as the censor of duchayuan and Prime Minister of Lianghuai. He carried out a series of measures to reform the salt law, which greatly improved the country's financial situation. However, the reform offended the dignitaries. After being dismissed in 1570, he returned to his hometown and died at home in the eighth year of Wanli (1580) with a posthumous title of "Huimin". His works include baiketing manuscript, memorial, yinjianlu, xingbianmanyi and Pang's family precepts.

brief introduction

Minister of Ming Dynasty. He is famous for his good financial management. The name is shaonan, and the name is Xing'an. Guangdong Nanhai people. Jiajing 32 years (1553) Jinshi, Ren Jiangxi Leping county magistrate. Later, he supervised the censor and was ordered to audit military salaries in Nanjing and Zhejiang, winning a reputation of integrity. The imperial court also sent him to patrol Henan, and corrupt officials also heard more about the wind to escape. In order to please the emperor, governor Cai Runan wanted to join him in offering white deer. He firmly opposed that there were displaced people everywhere. Could he have the heart to praise Shengping

In the 40th year of Jiajing period, Pang Shangpeng was transferred to Zhejiang patrol. During his seven years in office, he continued to fight against the local gentry and powerful people who oppressed the civilians, and accused them of conniving their children and slaves to run rampant on the strength of the power and killing the people. At the same time, aiming at the abuse of various taxes and labor, unfair burden, material objects and labor in the middle of Ming Dynasty, he carried out the jiajunping law in Zhejiang Province at the beginning, followed by the shiduanjin law, and finally a whip law. Although there are differences in the ways, the basic contents are the same: gradually changing the force difference into the silver difference, especially changing the various supply of extortion by the state and county officials from the kuzi, douji and other servitudes into the silver in the form of administrative expenses (court, paper, oil candle and other silver); except for the part that should be exempted by law, the rest of the grain of the gentry Jin and the army, craftsman, stove and other households also apportioned the corvee To a certain extent, the burden is dispersed and averaged. The reform approved by the imperial court was not only implemented in Zhejiang Province, but also had a great influence in other regions.

In September of the first year of Longqing, Pang Shangpeng, Ling Ru and others attacked Guo Pu, the great scholar of Wuying hall. Finally, Guo Pu became an official and left. Pang Shangpeng was promoted to the right temple of Dali. In February of the second year of Longqing (1568), he was promoted to "the censor of Youjin capital". September 8, 1568, the second year of Longqing. Pang Shangpeng presided over the handling of salt affairs in Jiubian village. He straightened out the salt law, put forward some suggestions, such as dredging the salt diversion, banning smugglers, and reasonably formulating salt transportation places. After the implementation, he achieved considerable results. According to the specific situation of each side, he put forward some measures, such as setting up a number paper to clear up the hidden, strictly supervising the responsibility to stop the source of the malpractice, widening the amount of grain to persuade the reclamation, eliminating the meritorious crimes to achieve special responsibility, widely calling for planting to open up the wasteland, exempting the indemnity to collect and solve the problem, and clearing the grain customers, and opening ditches to prepare for the drought. However, the other governors were dissatisfied with the deprivation of power and impeached Pang Shangpeng from his post. In the fourth year of Longqing (1570), the imperial court and the eunuchs in power demoted Pang Shangpeng as a civilian on the pretext that he failed to accept the palace coins submitted in Zhejiang. In the fourth year of Wanli (1576), Shang Peng returned to his original post and was sent to Fujian as governor. When he was in office, he reformed taxes and services, played a role in the payment of wages, and continued to implement a whip law, which belonged to the law of Xianfeng. Later, because of rescuing those court officials who were severely punished for opposing Zhang Juzheng's father's death, they offended Zhang Juzheng and were removed from office. He died after living in his hometown in Guangdong for four years. People in Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong cherish the memory of his contribution to reducing corvee and set up temples to worship him. There are 16 volumes of baiketing extract, 10 volumes of memorials, yinjianlu, xingbianmanji and so on.

Records of Ming history

Pang Shangpeng, born in South China Sea. Jiajing 32 years Jinshi. Except for the county magistrate of Leping, Jiangxi Province. To promote the censor. Together with Luo, he checked the military salaries of Nanjing and Zhejiang, pleaded with the general Qi Jiguang and Zhang Siwei, and issued Hu Zongxian's disobedience, corruption, and military governor's invasion of military supplies. Return to the dynasty, according to Henan. If governor Cai Runan wants to get into the white deer, he still needs Peng. Change to Zhejiang. The people suffered from corvee, in order to hold a whip. According to the local officials LV Xizhou, Yan Jie, Mao Kun and pan Zhongfu, please take the crown of Xizhou. All the imperial edicts were deposed for the people. Shang Peng is honest and impartial. In the fight against the powerful, the officials and the people were shocked. He has been in charge of learning and administration. In the first year of Longqing, the emperor was invited to visit the Imperial Palace, meet the minister, and sympathize with Ma congqian. He also applied to Hu Yingjia, a scholar of the University, for salvation. He was promoted to the right temple of Dali.

In the spring of next year, the government will promote jiubiantun and salt. Zhuo Shangpeng, the right censor of Jindu, and Zou Yinglong and Tang Jilu, the vice censor of Jindu. Shangpeng has jurisdiction over the three transport departments of Lianghuai, Changlu and Shandong, and also manages the affairs of Jifu, Henan, Shandong, Jiangbei and Liaodong. Di Changping, impeachs the internal servant Zhang en to kill people without authorization, and Lianghuai inspects salt sun Yiren for the crime of stealing money. In the autumn, he was called back by the dragon and ordered Shangpeng to take charge of the Jiubian garrison. He spared the list of 20 matters concerning the administration of salt, and prospered greatly. From Jiangbei to Jiubian, there are four in Jiangbei, nine in Jizhen, eleven in Liaodong, eleven in Xuanhua and eleven in dada, four in Ningxia and seven in Gansu. It's easy to report. Shang pengquan is both important, conceited of his economic talents and generous in his duties. The governors of salt administration wanted to take it away. Gao Yongchun, the salt inspector in Hedong, impeached Shang Peng for disobedience, while Yang Bo, the Minister of the Ministry of official affairs, left him. During the meeting, the officials hated Bo and aroused the emperor's anger. Qiao rang, defeated Bo and fell to the post of Shangpeng. He was the imperial historian of the salt capital of Taitun. It was December of 2003. Next year, when he returned to Zheshi, he accepted the imperial coins, which were not in the middle range and denounced as the people.

Shenzongli, censor Ji kunheng, etc. were recommended, and song MI, governor of Baoding, was also innocent. In the winter of the fourth year of Wanli, Fujian was first visited by the government. He paid for the money and promoted the method of one whip. Hu Shouren, the chief military officer after the impeachment, was a member of the rank of Li Xian. Zhang Juzheng seized the sentiment and reprimanded the speaker. Shang Peng moved his book to save him, and Ju Zheng held the title deeply. He would pay homage to the censor of the left Deputy capital, and Ju Zheng ordered Chen Sanmo to impeach him because of the mistakes of time. He died in four years. Zhejiang, Fujian and their hometown of Guangdong are light corvee, so de Shang Peng, Li temple worship. In the apocalypse, he was granted the posthumous title of Huimin.

Life

Jiajing 32 years (1553) Jinshi. Minister of Ming Dynasty. He is famous for his financial management. He was the magistrate of Leping County in Jiangxi Province. Lei rose to supervise the censor. He was ordered to audit the military pay in Nanjing, Zhejiang and other places, and won the reputation of integrity. Later, he was sent to patrol Henan, and most of the corrupt officials in Henan escaped. At that time, in order to please Pang Shangpeng, governor Cai Runan of Henan Province wanted to ask Pang Shangpeng to offer white deer to the emperor with him. Pang Shangpeng firmly opposed it and said: now there are displaced people everywhere. Do you still have the heart to sing and dance!

In 1561, Pang Shangpeng was transferred to Zhejiang Province. In order to maintain the long-term rule of Ming Dynasty, Pang Shangpeng first carried out the reform of tax and servitude in Zhejiang Province. During his seven years in office, Pang Shangpeng gave a strong blow to the local gentry's behavior of conniving their children and slaves to run rampant and oppress the common people. He also asked the imperial court to deprive them of their official posts. At the same time, he also summarized the experience of implementing the shiduanjin law in the light of the drawbacks of various taxes and duties, unfair burden, cruel collection and distribution of physical objects and labor in the middle of Ming Dynasty. He first carried out the lijiajuanping law in Zhejiang, and finally gradually improved it into "one whip law".

"One whip method" is a relatively comprehensive reform of Taxation and servitude in the middle of Ming Dynasty, and also a major change in the history of Taxation and servitude in Chinese feudal society. It gradually changed the power gap into the silver gap, especially changed the various supplies extorted by state and county officials from kuzi and douji into the form of administrative expenses (court, paper, oil candle, etc.) to collect silver according to grain; in addition to the part that should be exempted, the rest of the grain of army, craftsman, stove and other households also shared the corvee, so that the taxes and services were distributed and evenly to a certain extent. It reduced the burden of farmers, increased the financial revenue, stabilized the social environment and consolidated the rule of Ming Dynasty. Later, Wang Zongmu, Liu Guangji, Hai Rui and others also successively implemented in Jiangxi, Zhili and other places. These reforms played a great role in enlightening and promoting Zhang Juzheng's reform measures. Although there are some differences in form between the "one whip method" and Zhang Juzheng's later reform measures, the content is basically the same.

In Longqing, Pang Shangpeng was transferred back to Beijing as the right Cheng of Dali temple. Later, he was appointed as the censor of youjindu, and presided over the affairs of jiubiantun salt. In rectifying the salt law, he put forward some suggestions, such as dredging the salt diversion, banning smugglers, and reasonably drawing up salt transportation places. According to the specific situation of each place, he stipulated the plan of rectifying the village administration, and put forward the following suggestions: setting up the number paper to clear up the hidden, strictly supervising the responsibility to plug the source of the malpractice, widening the grain amount to persuade reclamation, giving special orders to other crimes, calling for planting widely to open up wasteland, exempting the compensation to collect and solve the problem The measures, such as preparing for drought and poverty, have been implemented after being approved and achieved good results.

Because Pang Shangpeng's reform touched the interests of some dignitaries, the dignitaries were dissatisfied with the deprivation of rights and other interests after the reform, so they impeached Pang Shangpeng from Mu Zong, and Pang Shangpeng was removed from office.

In 1570, the powerful and eunuch demoted Pang Shangpeng as a civilian on the pretext that he failed to accept the palace coins in Zhejiang Province. In 1576, Pang Shangpeng was appointed governor of Fujian Province. Continue to carry out in office

Chinese PinYin : Pang Shang Peng