You dong

You dong

You dong (1618-1704) was born in Changzhou (today's Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province). He was named Sanzi in his early years, and also called regret temple. In his later years, he was named genzhai, Xitang old man, Heqi old man, Meihua Taoist and so on. Poets and dramatists in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties were once praised as "true talents" by Shunzhi and "old celebrities" by Kangxi.

You dong was a Gongsheng in the third year of Shunzhi (1646). After that, he took part in the examination repeatedly. In the ninth year of Shunzhi, Yongping (now Lulong, Hebei Province) was granted the promotion of official position. Shunzhi 13 years (1656) spring, rod blame arrogant flag Ding, was impeached, was demoted to two levels. So he resigned angrily and returned to his hometown. Since then, he has created "reading Lisao", "Jun Tianle", "Diao Pipa", "Taohuayuan", "heiheiwei" and "qingpingdiao". In the 18th year of Kangxi's reign (1679), he took part in the revision of Ming history. Kangxi 22 years (1683), retired home. In 1703, Emperor Kangxi visited the south, and the official name of Jin Dynasty was Shi Shuo. He died the following year at the age of 87.

You dong has made great achievements in many fields, such as poetry, literature, CI and music. In his poems and essays, he valued temperament and truth. You dong's greatest influence is Qu. He advocates that only those who can be songs can be poems. His creation of traditional Chinese opera was appreciated by Emperor Shunzhi for its integration of historical knowledge, discussion and singing. You dong's works are numerous, most of which are included in the complete works of Xitang (61 volumes) and Yuji (135 volumes).

(source of overview map) < / I >

Life of the characters

Early experience

In 1618, you dong was born in Xietang Town, Suzhou, and his ancestral home is Changzhou, Suzhou (now Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province). His family has been scholarly for generations, claiming to be "endless hairpin tassels". His father was a student of Ming Tai, but he was not an official all his life. He taught his son at home.

At the age of five, you dong began to study four books and five classics at home. He was disgusted with current prose and liked to read ancient prose. He likes to read historical records and Lisao, and is famous for his erudite and powerful records. He is called "child prodigy" by the common people, and he enrolled in school as a student. At that time, he was quite famous.

Ups and downs in official career

In May of the second year of Shunzhi (1645), the Hongguang regime of the Southern Ming Dynasty collapsed, and the social situation in Jiangsu and Zhejiang was very chaotic. However, due to the change of dynasties, you dong did not give up his ideal of official career and fame. In August of the same year, when the war broke down, you dong entered Changzhou City to take an examination of his age. Shen Yixi, the county magistrate, and Ding Yunyuan, the sheriff, were ranked first, and Chen Changyan, the inspector, was ranked fifth. But then he went to Nanjing province to test, but he was not named on the list.

In August of the third year of Shunzhi (1646), you dong went to the local examination again. This time, he was recommended by Li Zuoying, the governor of Taicang Prefecture. However, because of his unusual style of writing, he fell behind the second class and only won the second place.

In the summer of 1648, you dong took part in the examination, and Su Quan, the supervisor, was the first. However, the provincial government did not return to the first place in the trial, and only issued an imperial edict to pull out tribute. Several times, he was always trapped in the rural examination, but this time Bagong won him the chance of the next year's imperial examination.

In April of the sixth year of Shunzhi (1649), you Dongting took the seventh place and should be awarded the title of Tui Guan. However, Zhang Duan and LV chonglie, the examiners of his native examination, loved his talents and encouraged him to be elected to the official rank three years later.

The official resistance Yongping

In the ninth year of Shunzhi (1652), you dong took the exam again, and was appointed as a pushing official of Yongping mansion. He sent a letter to his family and comforted them: "looking at the blank horse in Wumen, he went down to Lulong from Yanshi. This day, my parents should learn from each other. I think that my wife will feel sorry for me because of the wind. Only the Yellow River meets Xinghan, and we meet by the autumn water. " (Xi Tang Xiao Cao: Send a message to my family after being given to Yongping) < / I > Yongping mansion is an important place, but it is short of natural resources, and the area under its jurisdiction is not prosperous. Especially after the destruction of soldiers, the population is decreasing and the economy is withering. At the same time, due to the close distance to the capital and the coexistence of Manchu and Han, the enclosure of Manchu aristocrats was very serious. As a result, many Han people lost their families and were displaced. In the early Qing Dynasty, touchong and Zhuangtou, who relied on the power of the staff, also did evil deeds and interfered with the governance of local officials. When you and Dong took office, they cleaned up the legal system and made a new atmosphere. Once upon a time, a touchong man took advantage of the property of the people's family and offered it to the Manchu people under his banner. He used the law to strictly arbitrate, and he used the heavy rope to touchong man. All the plundered property was returned to the people, and Zhuangtou Fu and Tong were rejected. From then on, complaints and slanders against him became popular. But you dong didn't care. He also called his official office "Zhuhu building". And a couplet "infers that the official evaluation, there is public right, there is public wrong, the task is to promote the clear and exasperate the turbid; analysis of criminal law, no loss into, no loss out, in the hope of supporting the weak and weeding the strong." As a warning, people who see it are scared.

In the first month of the 11th year of Shunzhi (1654), Tong Dai, the Minister of the Ministry of officials, and Hao Jie, the Minister of Dali temple, came to Yongping for disaster relief. At that time, some subordinate officials slandered you dong, so Tong Dai deliberately made things difficult and ordered you dong to preside over the disaster relief. You dong's relief traveled all over the city to read the moon. After the event, Tong Dai paid a private visit to the villagers and learned that he had misunderstood you dong, so he made friends with him. It can be seen that you dong did not take the initiative to curry favor with senior officials. However, you dong is not satisfied with his environment. He is poor and backward in all aspects. He feels that he has no talent and is hard to find a bosom friend. As a result, he repeatedly wrote to Gong Dingzi, Wang Xi and other authorities about his depression. However, when the person in charge of the file finally pitied his talent and planned to become a Beijing zhaotui official, he offended the interests of some local dignitaries because of his strict handling of the enclosure, and was also resented by others for the elimination of the official administration. Soon he was hit.

In May 1655, Xing Keshi, a native of Luanxian County, falsely accused him of anti sitting. Because Xing Keshi didn't declare himself to be a touchong person at first, you dong sentenced him to thirty years' imprisonment according to law. However, Xing Keshi later went to the Ministry of punishment as an official of touchong. His subordinates asked for a petition. Liu Hanjie, the governor of the state, deliberately slandered you dong because of the gap in his life. According to the Qing court's regulations on the protection of the powerful officials of the Qing Dynasty at that time, it was necessary to ask for instructions to punish their slaves. If it was illegal to be "good at responsibility", then according to the regulations, you dong's good at responsibility should be dismissed. Thanks to the help of the officials of the imperial court, you dong was able to be "transferred to a lower level".

Leisure play

In the spring of 1656, you dong resigned angrily without waiting for demotion. In July of that year, he returned home with his wife and children. When he met his parents, you dong felt both sad and happy. In July, you dong decided to go back to seclusion. He called himself "Huian" and changed his residence to "Guanyun thatched cottage".

In the autumn of 1657, you dong traveled to Changshan County, Quzhou. In his journey, he searched for the past and was depressed. He wrote the legend "Jun Tian le" for himself. The play reveals the ugly world of the powerful monopolizing the imperial court and exchanging money for fame. Unexpectedly, because of the rampant cheating in Jiangnan imperial examination hall at that time, there was a anonymous work, wanjinji, which satirized the examiners Qian Kaizong and Fang you for accepting bribes. When the book was sent to the palace, Emperor Shunzhi was furious and ordered a thorough investigation. In July of the next year, on his way back to Beijing, Jiang tufu, the Taishi, passed by Suzhou and created a new play written by you dong. You dong had a banquet with Jiang in the Shen's hall to perform his new work Jun Tianle. At that time, Jiangnan inspector Lu Shenyan searched for those who satirized the imperial examination. When the inspector saw the performance of Jun Tianle, he was surrounded by many onlookers, and the content involved exposing the darkness of the imperial examination. He mistook it for satirizing the authorities' Wan Jin Ji. Suspecting that the author of Jun Tianle and WAN Jin Ji was the same person, he imprisoned the performer, forced the troupe down, and you dong was nearly imprisoned. In August, you dong went to Beijing to clarify the case of Jun Tian Le, and he went to Beijing to explain that he had been falsely punished since Chen was in that year.

In the autumn of 1658, Emperor Shunzhi, Wang Xi and HongJue (mu Chen, Daoyao, etc.) talked about the case of Wuchan, a monk in the Western chamber. Wang Xi recommended you dong's a turn in the autumn. After reading it, Emperor Shunzhi praised and commented on you dong's Xi Tang Za Zu. After arriving in Beijing, Emperor Shunzhi sent people to the residence to ask for the printed edition of Xitang Zazu.

In September of 1659, the 16th year of Shunzhi, Xu Yuanwen, a disciple of you dong, was the number one scholar. In February of the next year, Emperor Shunzhi visited Nanyuan, and Xu Yuanwen, the number one scholar, accompanied him. Knowing that his master was you dong, Emperor Shunzhi asked Xu Yuanwen many times about his life and why he was demoted. He meant to reuse you dong.

Emperor Shunzhi died in the first month of 1661. Hearing the news of the emperor's death, you dong, who regarded emperor Shunzhi as his "confidant", mourned for his loss and wrote eight elegy poems. In June of the same year, you dong went to Yushan for a visit. He was inspired by Wang Zhaojun's dream and wrote the drama Diao pipa. You dong's gratitude and nostalgia for emperor Shunzhi can be seen from Zhaojun's nostalgia for Emperor Han after his death. You can also feel Zhaojun's dissatisfaction and negation of many drawbacks of the feudal ruling system from Zhaojun's death rather than Hu's wife.

In the spring of the second year of Kangxi (1663), you dongnian wrote the northern drama "Peach Blossom Land" to show Jiang Chao to Lu Shi'an. The following year, you dong wrote the northern drama black and white Wei. Peng sun Hui collated four kinds of Zaju (reading Lisao, Diao pipa, Taohua yuan and Hei Bai Wei) for you dong. Wu Weiye wrote a preface to you dong's zaju.

Embarrassed Hanlin

In the first month of the 17th year of Kangxi (1678), Emperor Kangxi issued an imperial edict to recruit erudite scholars. Wang Xi, Minister of the Ministry of war, and Chen Huiyong, Minister of the Ministry of industry, recommended you dong. You dong refused in every way so that he could go to the examination in June. You Zhen will also go to Beijing for a joint examination and will be able to travel with her. When you dong arrived in Beijing in July, he was still waiting for the exam, but at this time, his wife Cao Ling was ill. On September 19, Cao Ling, wife of you dong, died.

In the 18th year of Kangxi (1679) in May, you dong was awarded the second-class title of 12 to the Academy for editing, and participated in the compilation of Ming history

Chinese PinYin : You Dong