winter mountain
winter mountain
Hanshan (the year of birth and death is unknown), the word, number are unknown, Chang'an (now Xi'an, Shaanxi) people, living in eastern Zhejiang Tiantai Mountain. A famous poet monk in Tang Dynasty.
Born in the family of an official, he failed to take the exam many times. Later, he became a monk. At the age of 30, he lived in seclusion in Tiantai Mountain in eastern Zhejiang. He was over 100 years old. Yan Zhenfei's "hanshanzi's life experience research" is further confirmed by a large number of historical materials such as "northern history", "Sui book" and Hanshan's poems. He points out that Hanshan is Yang Wen, the son of Yang Zan, a descendant of the Sui royal family. Because of the jealousy and exclusion of the royal family and the influence of Buddhism, he hid in the cold rock of Tiantai Mountain and called himself "Hanshan". He used birch bark as his hat, broke his clothes and clogs, and liked to play with the children. His words were boundless and unpredictable. He often went to Guoqing temple in Tiantai, where he made friends with monk Feng Gan and Shi De, poured the leftover food into bamboo tube and carried it back to Hanshi mountain to make a living.
Hanshan often wrote poems and verses among the mountains and forests. His poems are popular, expressing the leisure and interest of the mountains and forests and the thought of Buddhism's birth. They contain philosophy of life, satirize the tense and sympathize with the poor. Later generations compiled three volumes of hanshanzi's poetry anthology, and 312 poems were preserved in the complete Tang poetry. It was introduced into Korea and Japan in Yuan Dynasty, and then translated into Japanese, English and French. This mythical poet of Tang Dynasty was once ignored by the world. However, with the coming of the 20th century, his poems are more and more accepted by the world and widely spread. As his poem says: "some people laugh at my poetry, my poetry is elegant. If you don't bother Zheng's notes, you can't use Mao Gong's explanation. "
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Life of the characters
Profile
Hanshan, as one of the few Vernacular Poets in Tang Dynasty, has been highly praised by Japanese scholars since the 20th century. Since 1905 (the 38th year of Meiji), Hanshan's poems have been published again and again in Japan, and more than ten scholars have done a lot of research, annotation and translation work on his poems. Mori ouwai (1862-1922), a famous Japanese novelist, wrote a novel named Hanshan Shi De according to the preface of Lu qiuyin in front of Hanshan's poetry anthology. Many critics think it is one of his best works.
Review research
During the May 4th movement, vernacular was strongly advocated in China. In his history of Vernacular Literature (published in Xinyue bookstore in 1928), Hu Shi listed Hanshan, Wang Fanzhi and Wang Ji as the three great Vernacular Poets of the Tang Dynasty. From the founding of new China to the 1980s and 1990s, the study of Hanshan has sprung up.
Since the 1950s, Hanshan's poems have been introduced into the United States. The beat generation in the United States has regarded Hanshan as an idol, and his poems have been popular in Europe for a while. Hanshan's poems were translated into English and French and accepted by many readers, where he won a higher reputation than Li Bai and Du Fu.
In the 20th century, Hanshan's poems attracted the attention of many Chinese and Western readers and researchers. With the approach of globalization in the 21st century, the globalization of literature and culture has become an important topic. In the history of Chinese literature, poets who can be accepted by people from different cultural backgrounds, like Hanshan, should attract more attention. Let's review the general situation of Hanshan research in the past 100 years.
research contents
The study of hanshanzi since the 20th century can be divided into two parts: life study and works study. The research on hanshanzi's life includes three aspects: his life time, life experience and burial place. There are three kinds of views about the age of hanshanzi's life: Zhenguan (627-649), Xianxian (712-713) and Dali (766-799). Zhenguan theory begins with hanshanzi poetry collection preface written by Lu qiuyin, the governor of Taizhou in Zhenguan period of Tang Dynasty, and then affirmed by shizhinan of Song Dynasty, such as shizhipan of Song Dynasty, benjue of Song Dynasty, shishizijian of Yuan Dynasty and Cihai of 1979 Among them, Yan Zhenfei's hanshanzi and Li Jingyi's hanshanzi and his poems are representative. The former, based on the mutual confirmation of history and Hanshan's poems, points out that Hanshan "was born in the third year of kaihuang (584) of the Sui Dynasty and died in the fourth year of Chang'an (704) of the Tang Dynasty (perhaps an approximate number, which is hard to be sure)". The latter also supports the theory of Zhenguan through a detailed analysis of the social conditions reflected in Hanshan's poems. The theory of congeniality originated from the biography of song eminent monks by Song Shi zanning. This view is only supported by Tan Wu, a Yuan Shi, who wrote the biography of Kefen Liuxue monks in 1366 and Tan zhengbi, and the 1934 edition of dictionary of Chinese writers.
Come to an opinion
There are several views on the life expressed in Hanshan's poems and on the classification of the contents of his poems. In Hanshan and his poems, Li Zhenjie divides the contents of Hanshan's poems into the following categories: satirizing and mocking the ugly phenomena in the society under the collapse of social ethics during the war; describing and chanting the life in the mountains and forests; directly propagating Buddhism; recording personal life and life experience. In hanshanzi and his poems, Li Jingyi divides hanshanzi's poems into three parts: reflecting rural life and farmers' ideological outlook; reflecting the contradictions and struggles between the landlord class and the peasantry; reflecting the contradictions within the ruling class, the living conditions of the lower class, and exposing the unreasonable marriage phenomenon in society; reflecting the life of the Salmonella, advocating the concept of nothingness, reincarnation of cause and effect, and passive seclusion As well as the depiction of society and different customs in towns and villages. Qian xuelie's hanshanzi and Hanshan's poems also made a systematic classification of his poems, which can be divided into five categories: self narration poems, hermit poems, custom poems, Taoist poems and Buddhist poems, and made a more detailed explanation and explanation of all kinds of poems. According to Xiang Chu's preface to the collation of Hanshan's poems, Hanshan's poems can be roughly divided into two categories: secular poems and religious poems. However, they are not absolutely distinct His secular poems include lyric poems, satirical poems, reclusive poems and so on. By exploring the content of hanshanzi's poems, we can see the basic features of the society at that time and further understand the value of his poems. Hanshanzi's poetry "has quite a lot of works touching on real life, talking about life issues, from agricultural production, social morality, marriage and family, children's education, almost touching every corner of rural life. This part of poetry not only makes people feel fresh and lovely under the gorgeous and soft style of early Tang poetry, but also conceals in the era of resounding high and passionate voice of the prosperous Tang Dynasty It can't cover its vitality and the beauty of simplicity. " The value of Hanshan's poetry is largely reflected in the social reality and other aspects.
In addition to the research on the content classification of Hanshan's poems as a whole, some people think that Hanshan's poems are "like Confucianism, not Confucianism, not Confucianism; like Taoism, not Taoism; like monk, not monk, not monk; like vulgarity, not vulgarity, not vulgarity". Zhang Lidao's a brief talk on Taoism in hanshanzi's poems and Qian xuelie's on Confucianism and Taoism in Hanshan's poems discuss Confucianism and Taoism in Hanshan's poems. However, Hanshan's thought is more influenced by Buddhism, and most of his poems embody Buddhism. Huang Yongwu of Taiwan pointed out: "in the Tang Dynasty, Han Shan was the one who wrote the most about Zen philosophy and the most exquisite realm." Therefore, the analysis of his poems from the perspective of Zen is also an important starting point. In his brief analysis of hanshanzi's Zen poems, Qian xuelie divides his Zen poems into two categories: Buddhist admonishment poems and Zen poems. His Zen poems can be divided into several categories: Zen language, Zen classic poems, Zen theory poems, Zen enlightenment poems, Zen realm poems and Zen interest poems. He analyzes the specific contents and ideological characteristics of these poems and systematically sorts out hanshanzi's Zen poems. In addition, he Xihong's article "on Zen in Hanshan scenery poems" discusses the beauty of Zen in Hanshan scenery poems.
According to the summary of Hanshan's poetry anthology, Hanshan's poetry has "Gongyu, Liuyu, Zhuangzi and Xieyu". It can be seen that another important aspect of Hanshan's poetry research is to explore the artistic characteristics of his poetry. In Hanshan and his poems, Li Zhenjie points out that Hanshan's Poems "contain mysterious Zen philosophy", "free form, simple emotion", "popular language", and often use "analogy". In hanshanzi and his poems, Li Jingyi points out that his poems "have the characteristics of popular, simple, vivid and elegant folk songs", "often use the techniques of comparison and interest in folk songs", "pay special attention to the simulation of natural sounds", "generally short in system Form and style are relatively diverse. Zhong Wen's hanshanzi, a monk of poetry, sums up its artistic style as "sarcastic tense, no tolerance", "persuading good and abstaining from evil, full of philosophy", "interesting slang, skillful clumsy language (Shen Deqian's" the source of ancient poetry · examples "), thought-provoking", "vivid sentences with many metaphors", "the combination of reduplicated words" and so on. Su Wen's compilation and drawing of the book of Wuzhong sages
style of art
Hanshan's poetry has a unique artistic style, which is characterized by a blend of feelings and scenes, a "free hand" and a "overflowing interest" (volume 149, synopsis of the general catalogue of Siku Quanshu). Cheng Dequan pointed out in the postscript to hanshanzi's poetry collection (see the printed edition in 1910)
Chinese PinYin : Han Shan
winter mountain
