Ling Hu de Fen

Ling Hu de Fen

Linghu defen (583-666), named Jixin, was born in Huayuan County, Yizhou (now Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province). Tang Dynasty historian and book collector.

Linghu dephen first lived in Dunhuang. He was a right nationality in Hexi and was well-known for his rich knowledge of literature and history. At the end of Daye, he served as the head of Yaocheng county and moved to the office of the prime minister. In the first year of Wude (618), he served as a resident. In the fifth year, he moved to Secretary Cheng and cooperated with his servant Chen Shuda to write the collection of Arts and culture. In the face of the loss of books, he collected a lot of posthumous documents, and set up officials to make up the records, so that a large number of books could be preserved. In the third year of Zhenguan (629), the imperial edict was issued to revise the history of Liang, Chen, Qi, Zhou and Sui dynasties, and the ZhouShu was compiled in combination with Cen text. In the sixth year, he moved to the Minister of rites and studied the history of the country. Ten years later, Zhou Shu was completed. The next year, he wrote clan annals. Eight years later, the book of Jin was revised and the style was formulated. In the first year of Yonghui (650), he was ordered to supervise the compilation of national history and historical records of the Five Dynasties,. He moved to taichangqing and hongwenguan. He participated in the compilation of the real records after 13 years of Zhenguan and the real records of Tang Gaozong. In the second year of longshuo (662), he became an official with the title of doctor jinziguanglu.

In the first year of Qianfeng (666), Linghu dephen died of illness at the age of 84. He was given the title of Secretary Supervisor and his posthumous title was Xian.

Life of the characters

Linghu dephen is a talented man who has a wide knowledge of literature and history, and has a literary name in his early years. At the end of the great cause of emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, he was appointed the head of Yaocheng county (now Bozhou City, Anhui Province). At that time, the world was in chaos, and Emperor Yang was at the end of his tether. After Li Yuan launched an anti Sui army, Li Yuan responded from his father and brother Li Shentong in Fuxian county (now Fuyi District, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province), and De Fu joined the anti Sui army and worked in the office of the general manager. After Li Yuan took charge of Chang'an, he was the Prime Minister first, and Yang Fu was the puppet. De Fu was the chief minister's office. After Li Yuan became emperor, he was transferred to a living room and became a secretary. During the reign of Zhenguan, defen served as Minister of rites, also as a national historian, Prince Youshu, governor of Yazhou, and Secretary Shaojian; during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty, he served as Minister of rites, concurrently as a Bachelor of Hongwen school, supervised the national history, as a minister of Taichang, the son of the state offering wine, and concurrently as a Bachelor of Chongxian school.

In the fifth year of Wude (622), he was promoted to Secretary Cheng, and was ordered to write a collection of Arts and culture with his servant Chen Shuda. At that time, after the war, the books were lost. He played to Li Yuan, the emperor of Gaozu, to ask him to buy the world's posthumous books at a high price, and to send the scribes to repair and supplement them. In a few years, a large number of books were prepared.

In Zhenguan, he wrote a memorial to compile the five histories of Liang, Chen, Zhou, Qi and Sui dynasties. He majored in ZhouShu.

In the sixth year of Zhenguan (632), he was granted the title of a man in Pengcheng county. In another five years, he became a son and a duke in Gaozong.

Gao Zong Dynasty, Guanhong Wenguan, Chongxian Guan bachelor, qianguozi sacrifice wine. The state participated in all the compilation, especially in his later years. He has compiled historical records of the Five Dynasties, rites of the Tang Dynasty, records of Emperor Taizong, records of Emperor Gaozong, stories of meritorious officials in Lingyan Pavilion, Emperor Fengchan instrument, etc.

In the second year of longshuo (662), he became an official at the age of 80. He was still a doctor of jinziguanglu. In another four years, he died at home.

Main impact

Please buy books

In the early Tang Dynasty, Wei Zheng Ling Hu de Fen advocated two things, which are of great historical significance. One of them is the book of the world. In the early Tang Dynasty, de Fen was appointed secretary Cheng, whose duty was to take charge of classics books. At that time, after the chaos in the late Sui Dynasty, a large number of classics books were lost. De Fen suggested to Tang Gaozu that the imperial court should widely collect the books from all over the world, reward those who offered them with "more money and silk", and "add regular script to the books they received, so as to make them written". With the support of emperor Gaozu of Tang Dynasty, the plan was carried out smoothly. "In a few years, a few books were prepared.".

Remarkable achievements

By the ninth year of Wude (626), when Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, he had "gathered more than 200000 volumes of four books in Hongwen hall". Among them, in addition to the more than 80000 volumes of the old books of Sui Dynasty, the other 120000 volumes were purchased and classified, which shows the great achievements. During the reign of Zhenguan, Wei Zheng, Yu Shinan, and Yan shigu successively served as secretarial supervisors. They continued to buy and ask for posthumous letters. More than 100 people selected and collated them. They wrote a group of books and kept them in the inner Library under the control of the palace people.

Sorting out ancient books

In particular, in 628, Wei Zheng led scholars to revise the books according to the "four parts" classification, and "in a few years, the secret mansion was completed successfully". At the beginning of the establishment of the new dynasty, when there was a lot of waste waiting to be done, de Fen timely reminded the emperor of the importance of cultural construction, suggested and presided over the purchase of posthumous books, so as to rescue a large number of lost ancient books and illustrated books in time, which showed his foresight. This large-scale feat created favorable conditions for the collation of ancient books and the large-scale compilation of history in the early Zhenguan period, and also laid a good foundation for the arrival of the cultural climax of the Tang Dynasty.

Participate in writing and revising

Another important thing that de Feng did was to initiate the revision of history. The achievements of historiography in the early Tang Dynasty are extremely brilliant, and "the source of creation, revision and writing is from de Fen". In November of the fourth year of Wude (621), de Fen said a sincere word to Li Yuan: "I have seen that modern times have come, and most of them have no official history. Liang, Chen and Qi still have literary works.

Historical explanation

Since the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, the southern and Northern Dynasties, there has been a boom in the development of historiography. The rise and fall of dynasties are frequent, and there are a large number of writings reflecting the history of each dynasty. There are several to more than ten kinds of history in one dynasty. However, due to the fact that most of the works are completed with personal efforts, and the contents often can not cover one generation, there are few works with rich materials and complete beginning and end. Moreover, because of the frequent wars, historical books will die as soon as they come out.

There are no complete historical records of Liang, Chen, Qi, Zhou and Sui dynasties cited by de Fen. Among them, Liang, Chen, Qi, there are still some books preserved, and Zhou, Sui books lost is particularly serious. Therefore, if we do not make full use of the favorable conditions of "connecting ears and eyes" to study history, it will be difficult to do it again in the future. It can be seen that he has a high sense of responsibility as a historian.

Political explanation

The Sui Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty came down in one continuous line, and it happened that the ancestral home of these three generations of emperors came from Wuchuan in Guanzhong. Li Hu, Li Yuan's grandfather, was one of the core "eight pillar states" of the Northern Zhou regime. After his death, he was granted the title of Tang Gong, and Li Min, Li Yuan's father, was also granted the title of Tang Gong as the general of Zhu state. Therefore, de Fen pointed out that "the second ancestor of the state made great achievements in Zhou Dynasty".

orthodox ideas

If we can emphasize the orthodoxy of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty by revising the history of the previous dynasties, and then publicize the achievements of Li and Tang ancestors, it would be a wise move to consolidate the newly established Tang regime. After some planning, in December of the fifth year of Wude (622), he officially issued an imperial edict to revise the six histories of Wei, Zhou, Sui, Liang, Qi and Chen dynasties, and divided the work among the historiographers. In charge of the history of the Zhou Dynasty were the Minister Chen Shuda, the Secretary Cheng Linghu defen and the Taishi Lingyu Jian. However, this revision of history "has not been completed for several years.".

Although the reasons for the failure are not clear in history, according to the analysis, there are the following points:

One is that the chief directors and chief editors of all the historiographers are not clear, and the work of all groups of historiographers will not be very coordinated. It is inevitable that there are different opinions on the principles, contents and styles of compilation;

Second, they didn't consider each other's strong points well. If we want to make the collective compilation of history develop its advantages and avoid its disadvantages, we should not only give full play to the advantages of cooperation, but also give priority to those who have expertise, so as to avoid different opinions. For example, the history of the Northern Qi Dynasty was partly written by Li Delin in the Sui Dynasty, and also by Yao cha in the Liang Dynasty. However, the imperial edict did not arrange Li Baiyao and Yao Silian to major in the history of the Northern Qi Dynasty and the history of the Liang Dynasty, which made them unable to inherit their father's career and give full play to their family learning advantages. On the other hand, nearly half of the historiographers appointed in the imperial edict were not good at writing history;

Third, the local wars did not completely subside at that time, and the damage caused by the end of Sui Dynasty was not well restored. It required a lot of large-scale historical compilation, but it was difficult to fully guarantee the finance and books at that time.

In the third year of Zhenguan (629), Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty issued an imperial edict to revise the history of the former dynasty, so the planning and measures were obviously more thorough and practical. This time, due to the public opinion that the book of Wei had already been prepared by Wei Shou and Wei Dan, it was decided not to revise the book of Wei. The division of labor for other histories is: Linghu's defen and Cen's texts are used to revise Zhou's history, and defen plays again;

Li Baiyao compiled the history of Qi; Wei Zheng, Kong Yingda and Xu Jingzong compiled the history of Sui; Yao Silian compiled the history of Liang and Chen; Wei Zheng and Fang Xuanling compiled the history of Sui. It is worth noting that Ling Hu de Fen and Wei Zheng were fully responsible for the guidance. Wei Zheng was appointed by the imperial edict, and made many profits and losses. The preface to the history of Sui Dynasty was written by Zheng. Liang, Chen and Qi were the general theories respectively, which were called "good history" at that time. In addition to governing the history of Zhou Dynasty, he still knew the history of Liang, Chen, Qi and Sui dynasties. It can be seen that all the five histories have the participation of de fan. The so-called "general knowledge class meeting" is responsible for the editor in chief. Interestingly, Wei Zheng, as the chief inspector, wrote a preface to the history of Sui Dynasty and a general introduction to the history of Liang, Chen and Qi, but not the history of Zhou Dynasty. This reflects that he has a great respect for de Fen.

Wei Zheng, who is good at historiography, and Fang Xuanling, who is good at operation, are the directors of the compilation of history. Ling hude, the chief editor of the compilation, is also an advanced historian at that time. The division of labor takes into account the characteristics of all the people who are good at compiling history. In addition, the political situation is stable, the economy is prosperous, and the human, material and financial resources can be guaranteed. Therefore, the work efficiency is very high. Because there are only two parts of the five histories, i.e. records of the Five Dynasties and biographies, and there is no records, in the 15th year of Zhenguan (641), he ordered the revision of the records of the Five Dynasties, and de Fen took part in the revision. Other participants included Yu Zhining, Li Chunfeng, Wei Anren, Li Yanshou, and Jingbo. In the first year of Yonghui of Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty (650), de Fen was promoted to supervise the revision of the records of the Five Dynasties. It was written in the first year of Xianqing reign of Emperor Gaozong (656), with a total of 10 annals and 30 volumes. It is attached to the Sui book, which is called Sui annals.

Zhenguan

Chinese PinYin : Ling Hu De Fen