Yao yonggai

Yao yonggai

Yao yonggai (1866-1923) was born in Tongcheng, Anhui Province. He was born in the fifth year of the reign of emperor Mu Zong in the Qing Dynasty and died in the twelfth year of the Republic of China at the age of 58. In 1894, Yao yonggai studied under Wu Rulun for nine years. In 1903, Tongcheng middle school was founded. Yao Yongkui was one of the directors of Tongcheng middle school. He was also employed as the chief teacher of Anhui higher school. In 1906, he was promoted as the supervisor (president) of Anhui Normal School. In 1907, he was ordered to study the educational system in Japan. After returning to Japan, he actively advocated educational innovation. After the founding of the Republic of China, Yan Fu was the president of Peking University, and Yao yonggai was invited to be the head of liberal arts at Peking University. In 1918, Xu Shuzheng founded Zhengzhi school in Beijing and appointed Yao yonggai as the dean. In 1922, Yao yonggai developed a tumor on his cheek and died in 1923.

Life of the characters

Guangxu 14 years (1888) Jieyuan. Yonggongshi, the author of shenyixuan poem, was handed down to the world. Yao Yongkuan was born in a family of poetic officials, and his poems and books have flourished in the past dynasties. His father Yao Junchang, also known as Mu Ting, served as magistrate of Anfu county in Jiangxi Province and Zhushan County in Hubei Province. His grandfather, Yao Ying, Jiaqing Jinshi and Yao (NAI) men Sijie, was convicted of killing a large number of invading British troops in Taiwan. Yao Ying's great grandfather Yao fan, Qianlong Hanlin. Yao fan's great grandfather, Yao wenran, was a scholar in the Imperial Academy of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty. After entering the Qing Dynasty, he became an official and served as a minister of the Ministry of punishment, and presided over the formulation of the laws and regulations of the Qing Dynasty.

Yao Yongkuan was well influenced by his family education. He was a scholar at the age of 18 (1883). At the age of 23 (1888), he ranked first in the Jiangnan Rural examination (commonly known as Jieyuan). The examiners Li Wentian and Wang renkan thought that Jiangnan had always been full of talented people, but now he is fading away. They wanted to recruit a scholar to be the top of the list, so as to boost the style of writing of a generation. When he removed the seal, he was very surprised at Yao yonggai's youth. Unfortunately, after that, Yao Yongkuan took part in the examination four times, and all of them failed. According to the regulations of the Qing Dynasty, if the Juren failed three times, some of them could be selected as officials, which is called Da Tiao. Among them, the first class was used by county magistrate and the second class was used by academic officials. Yao Yongkuan chose the second class and taught Taiping County. The salary of this position is very low, and there is no hope of becoming an official. I will always resign indignantly, and I will never have any official career. From then on, Yao yonggai embarked on the road of serving as an aide and a lecturer. In 1901, the imperial minister recommended him to take the examination of erudition, but he did not take it.

In 1894, Yao Yongkuan studied under Wu Rulun for nine years, and got the true biography of Wu. Mr. Wu was one of Zeng Guofan's four gatekeepers. He advocated new schools based on current affairs. He was then the head of Baoding academy, and later founded Tongcheng middle school. In addition to his lectures in Baoding academy, Yao yongkuang was very popular with Tongguang poets Chen Yan, Chen Sanli, Shen Zengzhi and fan Dangshi.

In 1903, Tongcheng middle school was founded, Yao Yongkui was one of the directors, and Xuan was employed as the chief teacher of Anhui higher school. In 1906, Yao yonggai was promoted as the supervisor (president) of Anhui Normal School. In 1907, he was ordered to study the educational system in Japan. After returning to Japan, he actively advocated educational innovation.

In 1912, when the Republic of China was founded, Yan Fu was appointed president of Peking University, and Yao Yongguan was invited to be the head of liberal arts at Peking University. Yao, Ma Qichang, Lin Shu and others called on Tongcheng School of ancient Chinese prose. They clashed with Zhang Taiyan, who was teaching at Peking University and advocated the study of Wei and Jin Dynasties. Zhang attacked Tongcheng ancient Chinese prose, and Lin Shu and Yao Yongguan resigned indignantly. Zhao Erxun, the curator of the Qing History Museum, was appointed as the assistant curator of the Qing history museum after hearing Yao yonggai's name. "Every time I get rid of the manuscript, I'm impressed by the same library."

In 1918, Xu Shuzheng founded Zhengzhi school in Beijing and hired Yao yonggai as its Dean. Due to Yao's rich experience in running a school, Zhengzhi school has gained great reputation in Beijing. At the same time, Yao Yongkuan also offered lectures on Mencius and selected readings of Zuo Zhuan for his students, and co edited with his brother Yao yongpu the notes of the classics of the past dynasties. At that time, Premier Duan Qirui heard of Yao yonggai's name and wanted to hire him as a senior adviser. President Xu Shichang wanted to recruit him to choose poems in late Qing Dynasty. Yao yonggai said, "I'm like a virgin. I don't marry when I was young, but do old people marry?"

In 1919, when the May 4th Movement broke out, Chen Duxiu was arrested for "excessive speech" and Yao Yongge, Ma Qichang and others signed their names. Hu Shi was surprised because they called Yao, Ma and other ancient writers "Tongcheng fallacy" and forced them to leave school one after another. This made Hu Shi feel: "there is a ray of light in this darkness."

In 1922, Yao yonggai developed a tumor on his cheek and died in 1923. Zhao Erxun, the curator of the Qing Dynasty History Museum, sighed: "today's scholars in the sea, who want to be like Er Yao (Yongkuan, yongpu), how can they get it?"

In 1906, Shen Zengzhi, the Anhui academic envoy, went to Japan to study the new policy. After returning, he immediately set about the establishment of the new school. Yao yonggai, a well-known scholar of Tongcheng school at that time, accepted Shen Zengzhi's appointment to establish Anhui Normal School in Anqing (the predecessor of Anqing No.1 Middle School), and became the first president of the school.

In order to run the first normal school in Anhui Province well, Mr. Yao yonggai traveled thousands of miles to Japan. As a great master of Tongcheng school who came from the imperial examination system, Mr. Yao Yongkuan, who once won the first place in the single person examination by eight part essay, quickly accepted the new culture school running thought after the fierce conflict between the new and old school running thoughts. During his stay in Japan, he visited and investigated the teaching contents and management procedures of Japanese universities, middle schools, primary schools and normal schools, agriculture, industry, commerce, medicine and other schools. He also visited the Minister of culture and education and senior education officials during the Meiji Restoration period, and listened to relevant educational lectures.

School Running Thought

Mr. Yao yonggai's new cultural thought of open school running was valued by Yan Fu, a famous thinker and President of Peking University who opposed autocracy and advocated democracy at that time. In 1912, just after the founding of the Republic of China, Mr. Yao yonggai accepted Yan Fu's offer to be the head of the Liberal Arts Department of Peking University (equivalent to the dean of today's College of liberal arts). During this period, Mr. Yao yonggai's new culture education thought has been further developed. Yao yonggai and others strongly advocated the use of vernacular as a tool for cultural communication. In literature, they did not advocate the use of antithesis, allusions, emphasis on rhetoric and rhythm to restrict students' thoughts. He wrote the ancient text handouts for schools all over the country. The text is relatively simple, which is very helpful for beginners. For example, "Mencius Lecture Notes" four volumes, "Zuo Zhuan selected readings" four volumes. The second volume of Chu Xue Gu Wen Du Ben, etc. (some of them are co authored with his brother Yao yongpu). Its characters are close to the vernacular. And his own articles, such as Fang's reading story and Xishan jingshe's story, are close to the prose written in vernacular later. There is no great difference between these prose and the vernacular prose written by famous new writers such as Zhu Ziqing and Xu Dishan after the May 4th Movement in 1919. Whether Zhu, Xu and others have ever read Yao yonggai's vernacular articles, and influenced by them, they have this amazing "no big difference" writing style, which is worth thinking about.

Character evaluation

It is not difficult to see that a stubborn conservative group, the old and the young of the ancient cultural system, would not accept the new ideas in any case, and would not travel across the ocean to investigate, visit, and learn the education mode called western and barbarian by the stubborn conservative group at that time. In 1906, the founder and first president of Anqing No.1 middle school, Mr. Yao yonggai, accepted the mission of founding new school and went to Japan to visit and study. This fact itself proves that Mr. Yao yonggai, as the founder of Anqing No.1 middle school, under the influence of Yan Fu, Wu Rulun, Shen zenggui and others, succeeded in reforming Japan's advanced education mode Under the encouragement, it has gradually stepped out of the feudal and closed old cultural and ideological system and entered into an advanced and brand-new cultural and educational ideological system. It is precisely because Mr. Yao yonggai's new cultural education thought is closer to Chen Duxiu's new cultural revolution thought step by step that he launched the joint petition of Beijing intellectuals to rescue Chen Duxiu in 1919!

Chinese PinYin : Yao Yong Gai