Gong Kai
Gong Kai
Gong Kai (1222 ~ about 1302) was a painter in the late Song Dynasty and the early Yuan Dynasty. He was named Shengyu (yizuo Shengyu), Cuiyan, Guicheng old man and yansou in the late Song Dynasty. Huaiyin Guishan (now laozishan Town, Hongze District, Huai'an City, Jiangsu Province) people. During the reign of JINGDING, he once served as an official of the two Huaihe system. He is a literati painter who is good at poetry, calligraphy and painting. He is a master of landscape painting from Mi Fu and Mi Youren. He learns from Cao BA in figures and pommel horses. He can also paint plum, chrysanthemum and other flowers. Like to use ink painting ghost and Zhong Kui, "strange, strange, self-made", Kaiming Qing freehand painting precedent. Judging from the existing works, they are characterized by heavy brushwork, incisive ink, exaggerated shape, and many poems and postscripts. Lyrical implication, sustenance the embrace of the elderly.
Profile
When Gong Kai was born, the Song Dynasty had been forced to move south and established its capital Lin'an for 95 years. Huaiyin, his hometown, is located at the boundary between Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty. In the struggle against Jin, there were heroines like Liang Hongyu. Gong Kai was influenced by the environment when he was young. When he was young, he lived with Lu Xiufu in Guangling (now Yangzhou) shogunate. During JINGDING period, he was the supervisor of Lianghuai system. He was in charge of the taxes on tea, salt and liquor, the collection and transportation of field affairs, and the smelting and casting. He practiced for the revival of Song Dynasty. Although Gong Kai was over 50 years old, he still took part in the anti yuan activities in Fujian and Zhejiang in the process of the yuan army destroying the Southern Song Dynasty.
After the death of the Song Dynasty, he wrote the biography of Prime Minister Wen of the Song Dynasty, which recorded Wen Tianxiang's deeds. The biography of Lu Jun of the Song Dynasty and the preface to the collection of Lu Jun Shi's Elegy recorded Lu Xiufu's deeds and his friends' elegy after his death. As a adherent, although he lived in extreme hardship, he still insisted on not being an official and kept himself clean. He lived in Suzhou and Hangzhou and made a living by selling paintings. Sometimes he had to make his son "lie down on the couch and press the paper on his back" (preface to the Sanghai heritage of Wu LAI), which shows the dilemma of his painting. His painting "once held, people often change it with tens of gold, so they are not hungry, but they die of nothing." At that time, people admired such a highly skilled painter, and even more admired him for his "lofty integrity". Wang Wei called it "Shang solar term" (Gusu Zhi); Yang Zai called it "Da Jie Gu duo Qi" (Huang Li Zhang was written by Gong Shengyu); Wu Lai called it "no failure to Xiufu"!
As for Gong Kaizi, I only know that he had two sons named Jun and Xian, who were good at painting, and another daughter, who once lived in Wu. The rest is unknown.
Gong Kai is the author of one volume of Guicheng old man's collection, appendix one volume, and Mao Guangsheng's edition, which is included in the first volume of Chuzhou series. The main paintings handed down from generation to generation are "travel in Zhongshan" collected by American freer art collection and "Jungu" collected by Osaka Municipal Art collection.
Character achievement
painting
Master of horse painting
There are many masters of horse painting in Chinese history. Cao Ba, Han Gan and Li Gonglin, the forefathers of Gong Kai, have handed down their works of painting horses from life. Gong Kai's painting of horse masters Cao and Han was inspired by Shenjun. He once painted the painting of Emperor Taizong's ten free horses and the painting of emperor Dezong's looking at clouds with CaO and Han's techniques. According to records, his horse painting works include the painting of jade leopard, the painting of Tang horse, the painting of thin horse, the painting of human horse, the painting of heavenly horse, the painting of black horse, the painting of Gao sun'er and so on. Gong Kai expressed his feelings by painting horses. He expressed his personal ideal and ambition by showing the excellent attributes of horses -- vigorous and fast. He also expressed his grief and anger for the rulers of the Song Dynasty. In his many inscriptions and postscripts, he attracted a good horse from the western regions and associated with the scene of prosperous times. He yearned to make achievements, but he was not born at the right time and his ambition could not be realized. "There is no one in Qianjin City, and they are satisfied with the bare brush and the loose coal" (the picture of jade Leopard), "who has pity on the bone of the horse today, and the shadow of the sand bank at sunset is like a mountain" (the picture of thin horse). He sighed and sighed that he could only hope for the future. In the picture of Gao Ma's children, he wrote: "if such a child is such a horse, he should have ten thousand enemies in the future." he called on "we should cherish our talents when we are young.". Gong Kai expressed his feelings by painting horses and writing poems.
Gong Kai's painting of horses is characterized by "wind mane, mist hyena, bold bone and blue tendon". It is often like the wind, and it is amazing. MA Zhen of the Yuan Dynasty wrote in Gong Shengyu's painting of a thin horse When painting, I want to be very empty and boundless, and I think of the sand in thousands of miles. The color of Ning Jing cave remains unchanged, and there are hundreds of bodies in the dark. It's a kind of wowa seed. It looks up to the sky and its nose is ready to move. Qi Hao seems to fight with the dragon, thunder and lightning startle the dust dream. I remember yesterday when I went whoring with Yao and riding in the wartime, the clouds turned and the fog flew around. When I come back, I'm sweating and bleeding. " Many times, he took "the painting of a thin horse" as the title of his painting. In the painting, the edges of the horse show 15 ribs, highlighting the bravery and power of the war horse.
From the perspective of painting, from Cao Ba, Han Gan and Wei Yan in the Tang Dynasty to Li Gonglin in the Song Dynasty and Zhao Mengfu in the Yuan Dynasty, the horses in their works are all fattened and strong, which is intended to show the full body of the horses. The painting method is tight and fine, and the coloring and rendering do not show any trace. Gong Kai, on the other hand, created a freehand brushwork of "very rough description". With free and easy lines and bold style, he reflected the spirit and momentum of the horse and expressed his dream. The theme and artistic skills of the painting were highly integrated.
As we all know, before the Song Dynasty, ancient Chinese painting was more meticulous and beautiful. However, since the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Jian has been painting with handkerchief and Wang Motou's handkerchief. In the Five Dynasties, Xu Xi has been painting with "falling ink". Some painters in Song Dynasty tried new, unrestrained and unrestrained painting methods on the basis of predecessors' practice. Therefore, the splash ink figures of Gong Kai's Ma and Liang Kai, as well as some painters who are good at ink painting and flowers, are a group of painters who boldly changed the one-sided painting style in Song Dynasty. Their exploration and creation promoted the development of Chinese painting. Gong Kai's method of painting horses has attracted the attention of art critics of past dynasties. It has been recorded in many works of painting theory and painting history, such as Hua Jian, Tu Hua Bao Jian, Shan Hu Wang Juan, Hua Shi Bei Kao, Pei Wen Zhai Shu Hua Pu, etc This is the special feature of Gong Kai's painting method. Therefore, it can be said that Gong Kai pioneered the freehand painting of horse and was the first person to do it. Pan Gong Kai's painting horse is different from his predecessors in the depth of the theme, the special artistic conception and the novelty of the techniques, and has a unique position in the history of Chinese painting.
Portrait of characters
Gong Kai was the first artist to record the names and nicknames of the 36 heroes of the water margin. He wrote portraits for the heroes of the water margin. Before the completion of the book, Gong Kai wrote the Song Jiang 36 people's praise and preface, praising Song Jiang for his "excellent knowledge and outstanding personality" and "being the saint of Thieves". In addition to Song Jiang, these 36 people include Wu xuezhe (Wu Yong), Lu Junyi, Lu Zhishen, Wu Song, Li Kui, Ruan Xiaoqi, Liu Tang, Ruan Xiaoer, Dai Zong, Ruan Xiaowu, etc., which provide valuable information for the study of water margin. Gong Kai made a pioneering contribution to the history of Chinese painting and literature. However, because he lived in seclusion after the death of the Song Dynasty, his influence was limited. Until modern art critics still thought that he was only a painter who was good at painting horses and did not give Gong Kai his due status.
literature
Gong Kai's articles have been handed down to the world for a long time, and now there are three: preface to the collection of Lu Junshi's Elegy, biography of Lu Junshi and biography of Prime Minister of Song Dynasty. The first is Lu Xiufu, a scholar of Duanming Temple who was defeated by the emperor in his early years, and the second is Wen Tianxiang, the prime minister who was captured by Haifeng. "Preface to the collection of Lu Junshi's Elegy" compares Lu Xiufu to Han General Li Guang and expresses his deep mourning for his martyrdom. Gong Kaifu also wrote a friendly biography of Lu Junshi for Lu Xiufu, which details the life experience of this loyal minister and leaves the first biographical material about Lu Xiufu's life for later generations. At the end of the biography, it was said that "the number of days for the death of a country is not enough. But my Lord has devoted himself to it. Whoo! Sad husband! Oh, my God? Who are you His mourning for the death of Lu Xiufu and the national calamity overflowed with paper and ink. In ancient times, it is rare for people to write biographies with deep feelings. In the biography of Prime Minister Wen of Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang's deeds are described in detail. It's a pity that the appendix of Wen Tianxiang's complete works has been lost!
In addition, Gong Kai also wrote calligraphy, which is "extremely ancient for Li" (Xia Wenyan), and Zhong Dingwen's "Caozi postscript of CAI Duanming's cursive script", Bafen's "postscript of travel in Zhongshan", shulun's "tie Daling baomu tie"; he is good at commenting on poetry, including "Fang Shaoqing Feng's Poetry Review"; he is good at playing chess, including "Guqi Jing".
Chinese PinYin : Gong Kai
Gong Kai
