Bao Shichen

Bao Shichen

Bao Shichen (1775-1855) was born in Anwu (now Jingxian County, Anhui Province). Scholars and calligraphers in Qing Dynasty. Bao Shichen is the 29th grandson of Bao Zheng. Word Shenbo, late tired Weng, small tired tour Pavilion history. In the 20th year of Jiaqing, he was once an official of xinyuzhi County in Jiangxi Province, and was impeached to be an official. Bao Shichen was knowledgeable, liked the words of strategists, and governed economics. He studied agricultural administration, currency and literature. When he was 28 years old, he met Deng Shiru, who studied Zhuan and Li, and later advocated the Northern Wei Dynasty. In his later years, Xi Erwang. Self proclaimed: "Shen Bo middle-aged book from Yan, Europe to start, and Su, Dong, after Wanli Northern Wei, late learning two kings, then become Jueye." He made up himself to be "the first man in the right army" and was extremely conceited. Bao Shichen's main historical contribution lies in his advocacy of Stele Study through the book theory "yizhoushuangji", which has a great influence on the change of calligraphy style in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, and has been praised by the calligraphy circle up to now.

brief introduction

Bao Shichen (1775-1855), a scholar, litterateur and calligrapher in Qing Dynasty (teacher of Wu Xizai, a famous seal cutter and painter in Qing Dynasty). It was named Shenbo, Chengbo and shenzhai. In the evening, it was named tired Weng. It also signed the external history of baimen tired tour Pavilion and xiaolangyou Pavilion. He is from Jingxian County, Anhui Province. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Jingxian county was divided into Anwu and Bao's former residence was close to the place, so scholars called him "baoanwu". He was poor since childhood, studied hard, worked hard, had economic plan, and liked to talk about soldiers. Jiaqing thirteen years (1808) in the mid-term examination, many candidates failed to test, in order to select trial for Jiangxi Xinyu county magistrate, more than years, was impeached and removed. Since then, he has been an advisor to Tao Shu, Yu Qian, Yang Fang and others. All his life, he paid attention to the study of managing the world, and was diligent in practical investigation. He could put forward valuable opinions on water transportation, water conservancy, salt, agriculture, folk custom, criminal law, military and so on. The southeast officials often consulted him when they met with the Great Policies of soldiers, famine, rivers, water and salt, which made them famous in Jianghuai. In 1814, due to drought and hunger in Nanjing, Bao Shichen strongly urged the great gentry Qin Chengye of Jiangning to advocate charity, and wrote to bailing, governor of Liangjiang, urging him to try to save the victims. During the Opium War, he recorded and discussed the actual situation of the imperialist invasion of China and the resistance struggle of the Chinese people, which was quite insightful.

Among the feudal officials in the Qing Dynasty, his social status was very low, but he was a well-known figure in the society at that time. Because Bao Shichen was quite familiar with the major social problems at that time, such as agricultural administration, water transport, salt affairs, river engineering, silver shortage, currency, water conservancy, taxation, official administration, law, military and so on. He had extensive knowledge of agriculture, etiquette, punishment, military and so-called "four skills of unifying the people". Therefore, Bao Shichen became the "all rounder" valued by many feudal officials at that time aides and staff. In 1838, Lin Zexu was appointed as an imperial envoy to ban smoking in Guangdong. In the first month of the next year, when he passed Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, he asked him about the plan of banning smoking. In 1841, he was transferred from Guangdong to Zhejiang Province. When he arrived in Nanchang in April, he discussed with him the strategy of controlling Britain. Bao Shichen's life works were collected and collated in his later years as "four kinds of Anwu".

Bao Shichen has a son and a daughter. His son's name is Bao Zongfu and his daughter's name is Bao Zongfang. It's mediocre, not up to my father's achievement

learning

Bao Shichen's thought and scholarship are different from those of ordinary scholars since Qianlong and Jiaqing. His thesis also runs through the purpose of governing the world, which is different from the ancient writers and Confucian scholars at that time. He opposed to breaking away from civil affairs and abstracting Tao. He criticized Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan for abstractly carrying Tao in their writings, which were "departing from affairs and rites, but falsely speaking Tao with Zhang Qijun" (with Yang Jizi's treatise). He also criticized "those who govern ancient literature in modern times can't have self-esteem if they don't speak Tao"; he proposed that "Tao is attached to affairs but unified in rites", "No matter how big or small things are, Gou can understand their origin and death, and study their meaning, all of them are enough to be literate. It is not necessary to be loyal and filial, and it is related to the family and the country." he advocates "writing about things" and "writing about things" (same above). This is a tit for tat confrontation with the Guwen school since GUI Youguang and Tang Shunzhi in Ming Dynasty and the Tongcheng school at that time. It reflects the trend of modern times that the article should be combined with the management of the world. Most of his articles are also concerned with current affairs and political affairs. Tan Xian said that he wrote "deeply and clearly" (Fu Tang Diary). Yao Cambodian commented on his article, saying: "the young are cautious, the old are vigorous, and they wash away the shabby things that the door has relied on for hundreds of years. (after Shu An Wu Si Zhong) his poems are also "honest and complete" (Lin Chang's poem comments on sheyinglou). Wugu is the best. He studied calligraphy for 30 years. He was a great calligrapher, especially a master of calligraphy. His book yizhoushuangji is an important work of Chinese calligraphy theory. Seal cutting is also valued in the world, and sometimes painting.

work

His works include Zhongqu Yishao, Yizhou Shuangji, Guanqing Sanyi and Qimin Sishu, which are jointly carved into 36 volumes of four kinds of Anwu and 2 volumes of xiaolangyouge manuscript.

Bao Shichen was a patriotic thinker who firmly opposed the invasion of British capitalism during the Opium War and actively resisted the compromise and surrender of the feudal rulers of the Qing Dynasty. Moreover, he insisted on the theory of practical application, made a more extensive discussion on the social and economic problems before and after the Opium War, and advocated the social reform with progressive significance, which had a certain impact on the society at that time.

Calligraphy painting

Bao Shichen's representative calligraphy works are mainly regular script and cursive script. His style is highly unified with his calligraphy thought, and he takes the road of "combining stele and calligraphy".

Qing Bao Shichen's leisurely drawing collection of Tiandu building in Jinling

experience

He was born in a lower feudal intellectual family with "poor food and low living standard", and his youth received better family education. He is "extremely talented" and "proficient in classics and history". Moreover, he is good at independent thinking and reading "will make himself clear". He even thinks that his predecessors' annotations are often "unreliable". Because his father Bao Jun Xue was ill and his family was poor, he once took part in agricultural labor for a period of time. He rented ten mu of land, planted vegetables, sold melons and fruits, "to give (food + dry) porridge soup and medicine.". In the course of agricultural labor, he assiduously taught himself a lot of rich agricultural knowledge; moreover, it made him sympathize with the sufferings of the people, and deeply worried about the peasants' "sighing and sighing, looking at each other when they were cold and disheartened", which prompted him to "raise his heart and make up for it.". Jiaqing thirteen years (1808), Zhongju people. From the age of 23 to 57, he served as an aide of the Qing government for a long time. It was not until 1838 that he became a magistrate in Xinyu, Jiangxi Province. Although there was a "preferential policy", it was rejected and dismissed for more than a year. Among the feudal officials in the Qing Dynasty, he had extensive knowledge of the important social problems at that time, the so-called "Qi Min Si Shu". Therefore, he became the "all-round" staff valued by many feudal officials at that time. In his later years, he collected and collated his life works as "four kinds of Anwu".

He opposed that the upper feudal ruling group obstinately adhered to the traditional policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce", boasted of "good words and benefits", and proposed that "both the basic and the end are rich" as "the rule of law through the ages" and "the plan for future generations"; he criticized the upper feudal ruling group for fooling the people, and advocated the theory of "more people lead to poverty" that "the population is more and more, the land is not enough to eat", To raise the people of the world is to give them; if there are many people, the more people will be born, and the rich will become the rich base. Is there anyone who is against poverty? " ③ He insisted on "food for the people" and regarded the development of agricultural production as wealth, while industry and commerce were only a supplement to agriculture, but he paid more attention to the development of monetary economy. As early as the sixth year of Jiaqing (1801), he wrote the book "county agricultural administration", which comprehensively summarized and spread the production technology knowledge of agriculture, sideline industry, forestry, animal husbandry and other aspects, and enriched the agricultural heritage of the motherland. He paid close attention to the social problems of salt, water and river, which "everyone thought big and everyone thought difficult" at the time of Jia and Dao. In the seventh year of Jiaqing (1802), he put forward the proposal of "shipping the south water channel", which was once adopted by the Jiangsu authorities in the fifth year of Daoguang (1825), so that "rice and stone were not lost". Moreover, "shippers made great profits", and more than 500 large ships were built. Later, because of "the governor's Department was not able to stop using the water channel officials". From 1823 to 1828, he also participated in the struggle to block the breach of Zhanghe River and the Wusong River water conservancy project. In 1830, he assisted Tao Shu, governor of the two rivers, in handling the salt administration of the two Huai rivers, and advocated the implementation of the system of "ticket salt" instead of "Gang salt". His reform ideas, to some extent, reflect the interests and requirements of commercial capital.

The shortage of silver was the most prominent social problem before the Opium War. Bao Shichen strongly opposed the opium smuggling in China by western capitalist countries, and made a more profound disclosure. He believes that "opium is produced in foreign countries, and its harm is not the same as poison", and "if you buy opium, all the silver belongs to foreign countries", and "silver coins are circulating, and the mineral resources are endless. Why the price of silver is increasing in recent years, and the market silver is decreasing day by day? This is the real reason for its leakage." ④ The outflow of a large amount of silver caused the high price of silver and the low price of money in the society, and the direct victims were the poor families of the lower class at that time. The reason is that "the value of small households' work depends on money, while that of merchants' general merchandise depends on silver." "a small amount of silver leads to a high price, a high price leads to a high price, and a small household pays off taxes with money. A high price leads to a large amount of money, and small households are in dire straits." ⑤

In order to solve the silver crisis at that time, Bao Shichen advocated banning opium on the one hand and reforming currency on the other. He objected to Wang Liu's idea that "banknotes should be used instead of silver" and that banknotes should be issued indiscriminately. He proposed that banknotes should be issued in a limited amount, which does not exceed the amount in circulation in the market, but silver should still be allowed to circulate as currency. He tried to use this method of "starting with money" to prevent the rise of the price ratio of silver to money, stabilize prices and reduce the burden of small and medium-sized landlords, businessmen and farmers Bear.

Bao Shichen had long been on guard against the British capitalist military aggression. In the eighth year of Daoguang (1828), in his book to the Emperor Yao Zhongcheng of Guangdong Province, he analyzed

Chinese PinYin : Bao Shi Chen