Huang Huai

Huang Huai

Geographical terms refer to all areas between the south of the Yellow River and the north of the Huaihe River. Huang Huai region generally refers to the lower Yellow River and the north of Huai River Basin. The main areas are central Henan and Northern Anhui. The main cities are Xuzhou, Lianyungang, Shangqiu, Zhumadian, Zhoukou, Luohe, Xuchang, Pingdingshan, Bozhou, Suzhou, Huainan, Huaibei, Bengbu, Fuyang, Lu'an, etc.

Regional profile

Huanghuai: in ancient times, it was either called "Henan" or "Huaibei", or "Huaibei of Henan". In the Yuan Dynasty, "wanhufu, the capital of Mongolian army in Huaibei of Henan", was set up, ranking the third grade (baiguaner in the history of the Yuan Dynasty), to exercise jurisdiction over this area. Broadly speaking, it refers to all areas between the south of the Yellow River and the north of the Huaihe River. The Huang Huai region we want to study is slightly smaller in scope than the Huang Huai Region in broad sense. It mainly refers to the vast area south of Yimeng Mountain and north of Huaihe River, including Funiu Mountain, Tongbai mountain and north of Yimeng mountain. In other words, the Huang Huai region we want to study mainly includes Southern Henan and Northern Anhui. Geographical division

1. Description of the first level meteorological geographical division in China:

Part of Henan, Shandong, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces between the Yellow River and Huaihe River.

2. Description of the second level meteorological geographical division in China:

In the north-south direction, the junction of Funiu Mountain and Tongbai mountain and the junction of Jiangsu and Shandong provinces is divided into the South and the north. In the east-west direction, the longitude of 116 degrees east longitude is divided into the East and the West.

Division basis

First, the natural conditions here are basically the same. This area is located between 33 ° and 35.5 ° north latitude, with humid climate and abundant sunshine. In addition, it is also located in the plain, with convenient irrigation conditions, so it is very suitable for crop growth. From the Neolithic age until the Sui, Tang and Northern Song Dynasties, it was an important grain producing area and one of the main tax sources of feudal dynasties.

Second, the degree of civilization development here is basically the same. From the west to the East, from the south to the north, most of the Huanghuai region has the traces of the activities of the ancestors of the Chinese nation. In 1981, a group of ape man fossils were discovered in Qizi Anshan, Tumen Town, Yiyuan County, Shandong Province, which are called "Yiyuan man", about 450000 years ago. In 1954, a new human fossil was discovered in xiacaowan, Sihong County, Jiangsu Province. It is known as Sihong people or xiacaowan people, about 40000 to 50000 years ago. This discovery from the south to the North shows that the Huang Huai Region is also one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization. After entering the Neolithic age, Peiligang culture in Henan, Beixin culture, Dawenkou Culture and Longshan Culture in Shandong and qingliangang culture in Jiangsu all have typical significance, which indicates that Huanghuai region is one of the first regions to enter the agricultural civilization. During the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, the residents of the Huaihe River Basin were collectively referred to as Huaiyi or Dongyi. They kept in touch with the people in the Central Plains, and finally merged into the Han nationality, the main body of the Chinese nation. Since then, Huang Huai Region has become a gathering area of Han nationality, playing an increasingly important role in Chinese history.

Third, the historical destiny here is basically the same. Historically, the economic development of Huang Huai region can be divided into five stages

The first stage starts from prehistoric period and ends in 164bc. In this stage, because the Yellow River did not capture the Huaihe River into the sea, the Huaihe River and its main tributaries were flowing peacefully, the ecological environment of the Huang Huai plain was not damaged, and agricultural production showed a good trend of sustainable development.

The second stage started in 164bc and ended in 70AD, which lasted more than 230 years. During this period, the Yellow River broke into the sea many times and brought great disaster to the people of Huang Huai. However, because most of them are blocked at the same time, although the loss is great, it does not cause too much environmental damage, so the economy of Huang Huai Region is still developing tortuously.

The third stage began in the 13th year of Yongping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (70 years) and ended in the 2nd year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1128 years). In this stage, because of Wang Jing's success in harnessing the river and bianshui, the Yellow River and bianshui went their own ways, and the Yellow River's tendency to seize the Huaihe River was effectively controlled. As a result, the Yellow River and Huaihe River region has basically removed the threat of the Yellow River flood and can vigorously develop economic production. Kaifeng, the capital of Liang, Jin, Han, Zhou and the Northern Song Dynasty, fully shows that the economic development of Huang Huai Region has made great progress, and it is the leading region in the country.

The fourth stage began in the second year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1128) and ended in the fifth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (1855), which lasted for more than 700 years. During this period, in order to prevent the Jin soldiers from going south, Du Chong, who was left behind in Dongjing (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) of the Southern Song Dynasty, even opened up the Yellow River in Huaxian County, Henan Province, which led to the serious consequences of the Yellow River seizing the Huai River for more than 700 years and caused irreparable damage to the ecological environment of the Huang Huai Region.

The fifth stage started in the fifth year of Xianfeng (1855) of the Qing Dynasty and ended in the founding of new China (1949), which lasted for more than 90 years. During this period, the Yellow river changed its course to the north to take the Daqing River into the sea, which saved the Huang Huai Region from the suffering of the Yellow River. The people began to recuperate, renovate the land and improve the environment. In 1938, the Kuomintang government ordered to blow up the Yellow River dyke at Huayuankou in order to prevent the Japanese army from attacking south. The rolling flood inundated 44 counties and cities in Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces, and also affected southern Shandong. It took nine years for the Yellow River to seize the Huaihe River, which not only destroyed the achievements of the people's painstaking efforts to transform their homes in the previous decades, but also formed a larger Yellow River flooding area, which further worsened the ecological environment and made the economic development here lag behind the surrounding areas. It can be seen from this that the historical destiny of the Huang Huai Region is roughly the same, with both prosperity and loss.

It is because of the above reasons that we break through the provincial administrative boundaries and study the Huanghuai region as a whole. It must be pointed out that as early as more than ten years ago, the academia has begun to take the Huang Huai Region as the research object. Xuzhou Normal University has set up the Huaihai Development Research Institute. The Journal of Shangqiu Normal College is named Huanghuai academic journal, and more than 100 academic papers on the economic development of Huanghuai region have been published, covering agriculture, climate, soil, wheat and cotton, yam, sugar beet, hydrogeology, corn, bee colony, soybean, leek, pomegranate, rock mineral resources, etc Pepper and regional culture. We should absorb their research results and lead this research in depth.

climatic conditions

Huanghuai region (north of Huaihe River) is located in the temperate monsoon climate zone. It is hot and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter. It is cold in winter and hot in summer. Temperate monsoon climate; the temperature is lower than 0 ℃ in winter, and the rainfall is the most in summer. In winter, affected by the northerly wind from high latitude inland, polar continental air mass prevails here, which is cold and dry. In summer, affected by polar ocean air mass or subtropical ocean air mass, East and southeast wind prevails, warm and rainy, and the rain is hot in the same season. The annual precipitation is about 1000 mm, about two-thirds of which is concentrated in summer (hot and rainy in summer, cold and dry in winter). Four seasons are distinct, and the direction of winter and summer monsoon changes significantly.

Chinese PinYin : Huang Huai