Phellodendron amurense

Phellodendron amurense

Phellodendron amurense Rupr. Also known as: Berberis (Shennong materia medica), Phellodendron amurense (compendium of Materia Medica), Phellodendron amurense, Phellodendron amurense, Phellodendron amurense, Phellodendron amurense, Phellodendron amurense, Phellodendron amurense, Phellodendron amurense Rupr. It is a deciduous tree of Phellodendron of Rutaceae, with grayish brown to blackish gray bark, developed cork layer, soft and bright yellow endodermis; its twigs are orange or light yellowish gray, with naked buds in leaf scars, yellowish brown, odd pinnate compound leaves, opposite or nearly alternate; its flowers are unisexual, dioecious, terminal in cymose panicles; its flowers are small, yellowish green, with oblong petals, obovate ovary and berrylike The drupe is nearly spherical, black at maturity, with special aroma and bitterness; the seed is semi ovate, with black color.

Cork layer is the material for making cork. The wood is hard, the sapwood is light yellow, and the heartwood is yellowish brown. It is an excellent material for gun butts, furniture and decoration. It is also glued board. The fruit can be used as insect repellent and dye. The oil content of seed is 7.76%, which can be used to make soap and lubricating oil.

The inner layer of bark is processed and used as medicine. It is bitter in taste and cold in nature. Clearing away heat and toxin, purging fire and drying dampness. Indications: acute bacillary dysentery, acute enteritis, acute icteric hepatitis, urinary tract infection and other inflammation. External use for treating burns, otitis media, acute conjunctivitis, etc.

morphological character

the height of the tree is 10-20m, the height of the big tree is 30m, and the diameter at breast height is 1m. The bark of adult tree has thick cork layer, light gray or grayish brown, deep groove or irregular network cracking, thin endothelium, bright yellow, bitter taste, sticky, branchlets dark purple red, glabrous. The rachis and petiole are slender, with 5-13 leaflets, thin paper or paper leaflets, ovate lanceolate or ovate, 6-12cm long and 2.5-4.5cm wide, apically long acuminate, broadly cuneate at the base, obliquely pointed at one side, or round, with thin obtuse teeth and cilia at the margin, glabrous on the leaf surface or sparse and short hairs on the midrib, and densely villous on both sides of midrib at the back. The color of leaves turns from green to yellow before falling leaves in autumn It is bright, and most of the indumentum falls off. inflorescence terminal; sepals small, broadly ovate, ca. 1 mm long; petals purplish green, 3-4 mm long; stamens of male flowers longer than petals, pistillodes shorter. fruit globose, about 1 cm in diameter, bluish black, usually with 5-8 (- 10) shallow longitudinal grooves, more obvious after drying; seeds usually 5. The flowering period is from May to June and the fruiting period is from September to October.

Growth environment

The main distribution area is located in cold temperate coniferous forest and temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest. It is a humid monsoon climate with large temperature difference between winter and summer, long and cold winter, the extreme minimum temperature is about - 40 ℃, hot summer and annual precipitation of 400-800mm. It is a positive tree species with developed root system and strong germination ability. It can regenerate in open field, but not under canopy. strong adaptability to soil, suitable for deep, moist, well ventilated, humus rich neutral or slightly acidic loamy soil. It grows best on alluvial soil on both sides of the river valley, but poor on swamp, clay and barren land. In Northeast Forest Region, Phellodendron amurense is often scattered in broad-leaved forest in valley and middle and lower part of mountain, or mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest of Pinus koraiensis and Picea asperata; in Hebei mountain region, it is often scattered solitary tree, growing in mixed forest at Valley edge and middle and lower part of hillside. The flowering period is from May to June, and the ripening period is from September to October. Upper limit of altitude (m): 700 in the north and 1500 in the south. it is mainly grown in Northeast and North China provinces, and also distributed in Henan, Northern Anhui and Ningxia, with a small amount planted in Inner Mongolia. North Korea, Japan, Russia (Far East), also in Central Asia and Eastern Europe

geographical distribution

Most of them grow in the mixed forest of mountain area or along the river valley of mountain area. It is suitable for planting in plain or low hilly slope, roadside, residential area and places with good water and soil near rivers.

Hazard analysis

Phellodendron amurense is a good nectar plant, and its bark has important industrial and pharmaceutical value. It is a relict species of the tertiary Paleotropical flora, and is of great value in scientific research. It is listed as the second class national protected plant. Due to long-term deforestation, the number is very small. The habitat was destroyed to a certain extent, which had a great impact on population regeneration.

Protection value

present situation

endangered species. It is a relict plant of the tertiary Paleotropical flora and a precious medicinal tree species in China. Due to excessive logging, resources are less and less, and it is easy to fall into an endangered state. As a result of national protection, the number of Phellodendron amurense in some areas began to increase, but most of them are small trees less than ten years old. this species is an ancient relic plant, which has scientific value for the study of ancient flora, paleogeography and Quaternary glacial climate. The wood is beautiful in texture, glossy in section, tough in texture, strong in moisture resistance and corrosion resistance, no warping and cracking, and is mostly used to make gun butts; the bark cork can be used as cork, buoy, life buoy, or for sound insulation, heat insulation, shockproof, etc.; the endothelium can be used as dye and medicine; the leaf can extract aromatic oil; the flower is a good honey source; the fruit contains mannitol and non-volatile oil, which can be used for Industry and medicine medical.

measures

there is no specific protection measures, so the existing resources, especially the mother trees, should be protected, propagated and cultivated to expand their resources. It can be grafted according to the characteristics of seed propagation, and expand the range of growth and the amount of propagation by using technology.

Key points of cultivation

reproduction

propagate with seeds. It is better to sow in autumn to make seeds germinate naturally at low temperature. But the seeds should be layered in autumn and winter when sowing in spring. Mixed forest or close planting is good for trunk growth. Cutting method can also be tried out.

Colonization

after 15-20 years of planting, they were harvested and peeled from early May to early June by semi girdling or girdling and tree cutting. When the average daily temperature is about 22-26 ℃, the cambium is active and easy to regenerate. Select strong and disease-free plants, cut a circle around the trunk at the upper and lower ends of the tree segment with a knife, and then cut a knife longitudinally. The cutting depth should not damage the cambium. Then peel off the bark, spray 10 × 10-6 indole acetic acid, and then tie the small bamboo rod slightly longer than the tree segment on the tree segment to prevent the plastic film from contacting the cambium. Wrap two layers of plastic film on the outside to promote the regeneration of new trees In the second and third year, the yield was slightly lower than that in the first year. Attention must be paid to strengthen the cultivation and management after peeling, so that the tree will recover quickly, otherwise it will decline.

Storage

scrape off the peeled skin while it is fresh, dry it until it is half dry, then stack it into piles, flatten it with slate, and then dry it until it is yellow. Do not damage the endothelium. Brush it clean and dry it. Place it in a dry and ventilated place to prevent mildew and discoloration.

Acquisition and processing

harvest in summer, peel off the bark, remove the thick skin (cork), dry in the sun and cut into shreds. Raw Chinese medicine or fried with salt (Cortex Phellodendri 100 kg, salt 2.5 kg). Mongolian medicine is chopped and used raw.

Medical value

Discussion on famous scholars

1. Qiyuan of Medicine: Phellodendron amurense is used to treat kidney water, bladder insufficiency, flaccidity and waist weakness. It is added to Huangqi Decoction to make the Qi gush out of the knees and remove flaccidity and softness immediately. Two systems are used to treat upper Jiao, single system to treat middle Jiao and no system to treat lower Jiao. 2. Li Gao: Phellodendron amurense and Atractylodes lancea are important drugs for treating flaccidity. Those who remove dampness and heat from the lower energizer for swelling and pain, have fire evil in the bladder, have adverse urination and yellow astringency should be washed with wine. Phellodendron amurense and Anemarrhena asphodeloides are the monarchs, Poria cocos and Alisma are the adjuvants. For those who are thirsty due to poor urination, the pathogenic heat lies in Qi, and the latent heat in the lung can't produce water, which is also the source of urination. The method should use drugs with thin smell and light penetration, such as Polyporus umbellatus and Alisma orientalis, to purge lung fire, clear lung gold and nourish water. If the evil heat is in the lower Jiao blood, and the urine is blocked without thirst, it is the so-called "plain question" that if there is no Yin, then there is no Yang; if there is no Yang, then there is no Yin; if there is no Yang, then there is no Yin; if there is no bladder, it is the official of the state capital. The method should be treated with thick smell, Yin medicine in Yin, Phellodendron amurense and Anemarrhena asphodeloides. Wang Shanfu of Chang'an is suffering from dysuria. His abdomen is as firm as a stone. His feet and legs are broken and his eyes are protruding. He can't eat well. His pain is indescribable. He has taken all kinds of medicine to cure dysuria and urination. When he was diagnosed, he said that it was too toxic to nourish. The accumulated heat of Gao Liang damaged the kidney water and caused the bladder to dry up for a long time. According to the classic of difficulties, Guan means not to urinate, and Ge means to vomit. Jiegu old man said that the heat is in Xiajiao, but if Xiajiao is treated, the disease will be cured. So he took the bitter and cold medicine from the northern cold water, one or two from Phellodendron amurense and Anemarrhena asphodeloides, washed with wine, roasted and milled with cinnamon. The cooked water pills were as big as Euryale ferox, 200 pills per serving, boiled under the soup. When it was young, it was like Yin burning before stabbing, drowning like waterfall spring, flowing under the bed, and swelling disappeared. According to the classic of internal medicine, if it is hot, it will be cold. If the kidney is dry, it will be moistened with spicy food. The bitter cold of Phellodendron amurense, the bitter cold of Anemarrhena asphodeloides and the kidney fire of Anemarrhena asphodeloides are the monarch, the bitter cold of cinnamon and pungent heat of Anemarrhena asphodeloides are the cause, and the cold is used for heat. 3. Supplement to the meaning of materia medica: the bark of Berberis has the function of purging fire and tonifying Yin. With asarum, it can cure aphthous ulcer. 4. Zhu Zhenheng: when you go to Yin, Huang Bo has the function of purging fire and tonifying Yin. It's not the fire in Yin, it can't be used. Zhimu can nourish yin and reduce fire, and Atractylodes can remove dampness and heat. 5. Decoction materia medica: Phellodendron amurense, foot Shaoyin agent, kidney is bitter and dry, so kidney stops dampness, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and Scutellaria baicalensis enters lung, Coptis chinensis enters heart, Phellodendron amurense enters kidney, dampness and dryness belong to different categories. The antidote soup in the book of living people is a comprehensive treatment. 6. Introduction to medicine: Phellodendron amurense is also used to treat red eyes, rhinorrhea, laryngopharyngeal obstruction, carbuncle and back, breast carbuncle and umbilical ulcer. Dongyuanyun: it can relieve the dragon fire hidden in Jiao, and install the Ascaris lumbricoides with deficiency in Qi. It can only treat the deficiency of kidney, and it can supplement Yin, flaccid convulsion. It can also be used to treat the patients with dampness in lower body, swelling and pain in paralysis, water in bladder, yellow urine and deficiency in abdomen,

Chinese PinYin : Huang Bo