Ma Junwu

Ma Junwu

Ma Junwu (July 17, 1881 - August 1, 1940), formerly known as daoning, also known as Tong, later renamed he, with the word Houshan and the name Junwu. He was born in Gongcheng County, Guilin, Guangxi. In modern China, he was the first German doctor of engineering, political activist and educator. The founder and first president of Daxia University (now East China Normal University) and Guangxi University.

In 1902, he met Dr. Sun Yat Sen while studying in Japan. In 1905, he participated in the formation of the Chinese League. He was one of the eight drafters of the constitution of the Chinese League and the main writer of Min Bao. After the success of the 1911 Revolution in the third year of Xuantong (1911), he participated in the drafting of the provisional constitution of the Republic of China and the outline of the provisional government. He immediately served as the deputy director of the Ministry of industry of the provisional government of the Republic of China, and later as the Secretary General of the Sun Yat Sen revolutionary government, the governor of Guangxi Province, the chief justice officer and the chief Education officer of the Beiyang government. He is a senior member of the Chinese Kuomintang.

In 1924, Ma Junwu began to fade out of politics and gradually devoted himself to education. He successively served as the presidents of Daxia University (now East China Normal University), National Beijing University of technology, China public school and national Guangxi University. Cai Yuanpei and Cai Yuanpei, who advocated "freedom of thought and inclusiveness", enjoy a high reputation and are known as "northern CAI and Southern Ma".

Source: Guilin literature and history materials, Vol. 43

Life of the characters

Accept new learning

Ma Junwu was born in Guilin, Guangxi on June 22 (July 17), 1881, and his ancestral home is Puqi, Hubei (now Chibi City). As a child, Ma Liwen, his great grandfather, was a Jinshi in the early years of Daoguang. He was an official in Guangxi si'en prefecture (now Wuming County). His father made a living as an aide. When he was 9 years old, his father died and his family had no income. Ma Junwu was naughty and didn't listen to instructions, and was sent back to Guilin by his uncle. His mother was very angry and taught him a lesson at home. This beating made him determined to "study hard" and "be a man". In 1893, Ma Junwu, 12, was urged by his mother to study. Later, he attached reading to his relative Chen yun'an's home and laid a solid foundation of old learning.

In 1897, Kang Youwei went to Guilin to give lectures, set up the "holy society" and founded Guangren newspaper to publicize the idea of reform. Ma Junwu was deeply influenced by Kang Youwei's thought of reform. He thought that China was rich and strong because of the lack of intensive study of Western learning. Believing in Kang Youwei's ideal of great harmony in the world, he changed his name to "Ma Tong".

In 1899, Ma Junwu was admitted to Guangxi sports school. He studied mathematics and English hard and began to accept modern western science and culture. Ma Junwu kept in mind the headmaster's teaching of "saving the country by science", and his English and mathematics scores were among the best. He also showed great interest in the books and periodicals published by Western missionaries in China, especially in popular science. Under the influence of Tang Jingsong, who is the lecturer of classics and history, Ma Junwu came up with the idea of going out to study and further exploring ways to save the country.

In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), Ma Junwu arrived in Guangzhou from Guilin to study French in the picong academy sponsored by the French church. In July of the same year, Ma Junwu went to Singapore to meet Kang Youwei and ask for advice on saving the country.

Years in Japan

In 1901, Guangxu went to Shanghai to study French at Sinian University, and translated the history of French Revolution. In the winter of the same year, Ma Junwu became the first group of students from Guangxi to go to Japan. During his stay in Japan, he met Liang Qichao, Tang Rui and Miyazaki minzang brothers, and wrote for Xinmin series.

In 1902, introduced by Miyazaki minzang, Ma Junwu paid a visit to Sun Yat Sen and listened to his revolutionary speech. He admired him very much. He said to people, "Kang Liang is a person of the past; sun Gong is a person of the future." Since then, Ma Junwu followed Sun Yat Sen and embarked on the road of democratic revolution. From reformist to revolutionary Democrat.

During the Spring Festival in 1903, Ma Junwu made a speech on the stage at the new year's meeting of Chinese students in Tokyo. He openly proposed that the way out for China was to eliminate Manchu autocracy and restore the sovereignty of the Han people, which was supported by nearly a thousand foreign students. While studying abroad, Ma Junwu studied engineering, but his liberal arts background is not inferior to that of the students who studied literature. When he was studying in Japan, he wrote a lot of philosophical papers for Xinmin series. No one thought that the author was a chemistry student. In February, Ma Junwu published a comparison between socialism and evolutionism in the compilation of translation books. In September, Ma Junwu entered Kyoto Imperial University to study applied chemistry.

In August 1905, Ma Junwu was the first to join the Chinese League Association. Ma Junwu was elected as the Secretary General. He drafted the constitution of the League Association together with Huang Xing and Chen Tianhua, and became one of the main contributors of Min Bao. He published the biography of Gan Bi and the theory of emperor and people in Min Bao, advocating revolution and democratic politics. At the end of the year, he returned to China as the general teacher of Shanghai public school and actively publicized the revolution. Here, Ma Junwu, who was enthusiastic about party affairs, attracted the attention of duanfang, governor of Liangjiang in the Qing Dynasty.

Revolutionary fighter

In 1907, in order to avoid being arrested, Ma Junwu left Germany to study Mineral Metallurgy and gold at Berlin University of technology. The reason why he chose metallurgy major was that he expected to "make use of what he learned in order to develop the industry in the New Republic of China" after he returned home. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in engineering.

In November 1911, after the outbreak of the revolution of 1911, Ma Junwu returned to Shanghai from Germany and became the chief writer of Minli daily, calling for revolution. Xuan was elected as the representative of Jiangsu Province, and was elected as the representative of the Federation of representatives of the provincial governor's government to participate in the drafting of the provisional government outline. After the establishment of the Nanjing Provisional Government, Ma Junwu acted as the deputy director of the Ministry of industry and participated in the drafting of the provisional constitution.

On August 25 of the first year of the Republic of China (1912), the alliance formed the Kuomintang with four other political groups. Sun Yat Sen presided over the founding meeting of the Kuomintang at Huguang guild hall. Ma Junwu attended and joined Yan Xishan, Zhang Ji, Li Liejun, Hu Ying, Shen Bingkun, Wang chuanjiong, Chen Jintao, Chen Daoyi, Mo Yongzhen, Chu Fucheng, Song Yu, Yang Zengxin, Yu Youren, Jiang Yiwu, Tian Tong, Tan Yankai and Zhang Pei Jue, Xu Qian, Wang Shanquan, Yao Xiguang, Zhao Binglin, Bai Wenwei, sun Yuyun, Jing yaoyue, Yu rujun, Zhang Qin, Zeng Zhaowen, Wen Zongyao and Chen Mingyuan were all elected to the Senate.

At the beginning of 1913, Ma Junwu became a member of the Senate after the founding of the National Congress. After the failure of the second revolution, Ma Junwu was forced to leave Beijing and go to Germany again to study in the Research Institute of Berlin University. After four years of study, Ma Junwu obtained a doctor's degree in engineering from Berlin University. He is the first person in China to obtain a doctor's degree in engineering from Germany.

In 1916, Ma Junwu returned from Germany. In 1917, he took part in the movement of protecting the law initiated by Sun Yat Sen. At first, he served as the Secretary of commander Dayuan's office, acting as the traffic chief of the French military government, and also as the chief engineer of Guangzhou Shijing Arsenal smokeless powder factory.

In May 1918, Ma Junwu followed Sun Yat Sen back to Shanghai to carry out propaganda and organizational activities against the GUI warlord Lu Rongting. In 1920, Sun Yat Sen reorganized the military government, and Ma Junwu was appointed secretary general. In April of the next year, members of Congress who went south held an extraordinary meeting in Guangzhou. They promoted Sun Yat Sen as the very president and Ma Junwu as the Secretary General of the presidential palace. In June, Sun Yat Sen appointed Ma Junwu governor of Guangxi. Ma Junwu made great efforts and put forward such plans as banning smoking and gambling, rectifying finance, developing industry, setting up education, building roads, and establishing a new army. In May 1922, Ma Junwu resigned and went to Shanghai.

To the right

In January 1924, Sun Yat Sen held the first National Congress of the Kuomintang in Guangzhou to reorganize the Kuomintang. Influenced by the Rightists of the Chinese Kuomintang, such as Juzheng and Feng Ziyou, Ma Junwu signed the official letter of protecting the country and saving the country, which was published by Zhang Taiyan. He opposed the reorganization of the Chinese Kuomintang and the three major policies of "uniting Russia, the Communist Party, and supporting agriculture and industry". In November, more than 300 students and 9 professors from Xiamen University left the University in anger because of the improper measures taken by the authorities of Xiamen University. Another new university, Daxia University (now East China Normal University), was set up and Ma Junwu was appointed as the first president. Ma Junwu announced to cooperate with teachers and students with the spirit of "three hardships", that is, "professors should teach hard", "staff should work hard" and "students should study hard". With his erudition and talent, he has formed a strong academic research atmosphere in the school, which has attracted a large number of famous scholars such as Guo Moruo, dramatist Tian Han and so on to teach.

In 1925, Ma Junwu became president of National Beijing University of technology at the request of teachers and students for five times. He also actively raised funds to enrich the laboratories and experimental factories of the four departments of machinery, electrical machinery, textile and chemical engineering, so that theoretical learning and scientific experiments can be more closely integrated. Professor Deng Jinghua of Taiwan wrote in his article "in memory of Mr. Jun Wu, President Ma", that "after Mr. Ma arrived at the school, the smoke of the internship factory which had not been smoking for a long time was also rising slowly: in the cold winter, the classrooms and libraries had to be heated by coal stoves, because all the students were excited."

In January 1926, Ma Junwu became the chief justice of Duan Qirui's government. At the second National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang held in the same month, Ma Junwu was removed on the ground of attending Duan Qirui's aftermath meeting in violation of discipline. This matter has a great influence on Ma Junwu. three

Chinese PinYin : Ma Jun1 Wu