Ma Xulun

Ma Xulun

Ma Xulun (April 27, 1885 - May 4, 1970), a modern scholar and calligrapher, is the main founder and the first chairman of the Central Committee of the China Association for the promotion of democracy, and a close comrade in arms of the Communist Party of China. The word Yi Chu, more word Yi Chu, number stone Weng, Han Xiang, late stone house old man. The Han nationality is from Hang County, Zhejiang Province.

When he was young, he went to YangZheng calligraphy school in Hangzhou, studied under Chen Jieshi, and read Huang Shu and Min Yue Lun. Later, because of justice, he was expelled by the school after a school tide. After leaving school, he studied hard and devoted himself to six methods of exegesis, classics and history, rhymes and new learning. He was once the chief editor of Oriental Magazine and New World Journal of the Commercial Press, and the main writer of Zhengguang bulletin. Later, he taught in Guangzhou dialect school, Zhejiang First Normal University, Peking University, etc. In 1949, he served as deputy director of the culture and Education Committee of the State Council, Minister of education and Minister of higher education of the Central People's government.

Personage introduction

Good books since childhood, when the enlightenment will teach eight methods. In his early years, he benefited from Europe. He was good at regular script, running and concise seal script. In the beautiful with vigorous posture, Qingyuan simple mu, Fengshen Jun Lang. He published selected works of Ma Xulun's ink and selected works of Mr. Ma Xulun's calligraphy. He wrote ten quatrains and dozens of essays, which are concise and comprehensive. He was rigorous and learned all his life. He made great achievements in philology, epigraphy, exegesis, philosophy of Laozi and Zhuangzi, poetry and so on. Chen Yulong, a professor at Peking University, commented that Peking University professors are either good at calligraphy or proficient in calligraphy theory, and there are many generations of Huaijin and Yuyu. Mr. Ma Xulun, Deng Yizhe, Wei Jiangong, Xiang Da, Feng Youlan, Zhu Guangqian, Zong Baihua, Wang Li, Huang Ziqing, Yang Zhouhan, Zhou zumo, Li Zhimin, Luo Rongqu, etc. They take the instrumental knowledge as the first, and take the character and learning (academic taste) as the leading character. In their works, they are not calligraphers or calligraphers. They are rich in scholarly atmosphere with romantic charm, which is quite different from the vulgar "Craftsmanship".

Resume

In 1902, Ma Xulun graduated from YangZheng school in Hangzhou. He was a member of the selected newspaper and the Journal of quintessence of Chinese culture in Shanghai. Later, he taught for a living. Before the revolution of 1911, he joined the Southern Society initiated by Liu Yazi. In 1911, he went to Japan and was introduced by Zhang Taiyan to join the alliance in Tokyo. After returning to China, he participated in organizing the militia in Zhejiang Province in response to the Wuchang Uprising. After the Wuchang Uprising, he took part in the restoration of Zhejiang Province and served as the Secretary of the governor's office. Later, he helped Zhang Taiyan establish the great republic daily in Shanghai and served as the general manager. In 1913, he served as a civilian teacher of Beijing Medical College, and was invited to take a part-time course in the school of Arts of Peking University in 1915. In the winter of 1915, in order to oppose Yuan Shikai's restoration of the monarchy, he resigned and returned to Shanghai. In 1917, Cai Yuanpei became the president of Peking University and invited him to be a professor of philosophy at Peking University. during the May 4th Movement in 1919, he was the chairman of the staff union of Beijing secondary schools and above, and participated in the struggle against imperialism and feudalism. In the summer of 1922, he became the president of Zhejiang provincial first normal school and director of Zhejiang Provincial Department of education. Since then, he served as Minister of education of the Beiyang government and the Kuomintang government. He resigned in the winter of 1929 and returned to Peking University to teach the next year. In 1932, he was employed as a member of the national calamity conference. In January 1936, he initiated the organization of Beiping cultural circles to save the parliament, and was elected as the chairman. During the Anti Japanese War, due to poverty and illness, he lived in Shanghai, alias Zou Huasun, and wrote a special book. At the end of 1945, he launched and organized the China Association for the promotion of democracy in Shanghai and actively participated in the patriotic democracy movement. In June 1946, he participated in the anti civil war demonstration held by people from all walks of life in Shanghai and was elected as the head of the petition group to the Kuomintang government. He was beaten by a spy at Xiaguan station in Nanjing. At the end of 1947, he went to Hong Kong to prepare for the establishment of the ninth Minjin Hong Kong branch and continued his anti Jiang democratic movement. In 1949, he went to Peiping with Li Jishen to attend the CPPCC meeting and was elected as a member of the Standing Committee of the CPPCC; after the founding of the people's Republic of China, he was the first minister of the Ministry of education of the people's Republic of China from 1949 to 1952, and the first minister of higher education of the people's Republic of China from 1952 to 1954. It was originally suggested by Ma Xulun to use the march of the volunteers as the National Anthem of the people's Republic of China. there is a new understanding about whether Ma Xulun has really joined the alliance of China. For details, please refer to the article "has Ma Xulun ever joined the alliance" in Guangming Daily on June 29, 2007.

Life experience

literary family

Ma Xulun's ancestral home is Tujiang chejianong, Shaoxing City (now cheer village, Mashan Town, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing City). Gao Zu is a farmer and Zeng Zu is a shoemaker. He opened a small shoe shop. My grandfather was born in the third examination and was a Beijing official. His father inherited the scholarly tradition and wrote well, but his life was rough and he was only a county student member. When he was five years old, his father gave him the opportunity to extend his teachers and break the barriers. He had high expectations and strict supervision. When he was 10 years old, his father died, his family was in a state of decline, and his livelihood was difficult. But his mother asked him to continue to study, and told him: "your father did not succeed, is his lifelong hate, you have to fight for his father." From then on, this virtuous mother redoubled her efforts and provided him with ten fingers for reading alone. He lived up to his mother's expectations, studied hard and read through. At the age of 11, he went to Suzhou to study with his father's best friend, Mr. Tang Yisuo. Soon, he went to Wenzhou to study with his relatives and friends. When he was 13 years old, he returned to Hangzhou and studied in Zongwen Yishu and fan Wencheng's private school. At the age of 14, when the reform movement of 1898 came into being, Hangzhou had a new school. The next summer, he went to YangZheng school. YangZheng is a relatively new style school, with Chinese, history, anecdotes, geography, mathematics, English and other courses. For geography, mathematics, English and other courses, he is always out of place, unable to learn; but for Chinese, history, anecdotes and other courses, he is handy, always at the top of the academic performance. I took the first test seven times a week. Within half a year, two shifts in a row. One year later, he was promoted to a special class. At that time, he thought that he "finally grew up in an official family. When he was young, he knew that Wen Tianxiang was the number one prime minister and devoted to his country. He admired him very much, so he wanted to be the number one prime minister and become a historical celebrity. But the idea was soon dispelled by the wave of revolution.

Guidance of famous teachers

The Boxer Movement broke out in 1900. After the invasion of the eight powers, the Empress Dowager fled from Beijing with the Emperor Guangxu. One day. He heard the sudden news from Mr. Chen Jieshi, "it seems that the sky is coming down from the top of his head", and he could not help crying. The teacher was silent. When he was really sad, he kindly said to him, "don't cry. Go back. I'll explain it to you slowly." Mr. Chen, who was born in Hanlin, is a historian he usually respects. He is good at using the method of inspiration and induction. After that day, I didn't talk to him. I just told the students about the history of the Six Dynasties and Five Dynasties and the song and Ming Dynasties. After listening to these, he seemed to have a brighter mind. Then, Mr. Chen introduced him to read the forbidden books such as Huang Shu by Wang Fuzhi, Ming Yi to be visited by Huang Zongxi, Yangzhou ten diaries and Jiading Tu Cheng Ji in the history of Ming Dynasty. After getting these books, he read greedily day and night. These works and historical facts aroused his righteous indignation and dispelled his confused idea of "serving the country with loyalty". Then Mr. Chen instructed him to read some translations of Western European progressive books and periodicals. The first one he read was Darwin's theory of evolution translated by Yan Fu. When he read the theory of "natural selection, survival of the fittest", he felt a very new realm appeared in front of his eyes. He also read the French bourgeois Enlightenment thinker Montesquieu's "law". The author of the legal meaning opposes the feudal autocratic system and advocates a bourgeois democratic republic with the separation of legislative, judicial and administrative powers. Later, he read Rousseau's on the covenant of the people. This book expounds the theory of natural human rights and equal freedom. It proves that the national sovereignty belongs to the people, which is called the "Gospels" of European bourgeois revolution.

repay the country with supreme loyalty -- patriotism

He read and thought eagerly, as if he had discovered the new world, found the truth of saving the country and the people, and unconsciously had to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and establish a democratic country. He began to look for like-minded revolutionaries. Among his classmates, he introduced Tang Erhe and Du Shizhen from the special class as comrades and bowed to them. The three of them began to organize their classmates. they served as the teachers of the preparatory students, guiding the students to read. They wrote to the premier (Headmaster) asking for gymnastics classes, more sports equipment and active sports life. they used their scholarships to buy books and newspapers and set up a small library called "happy for all" to provide reading places for students. they also organize a variety of lectures on current affairs, debates on new knowledge, and social activities.

join the revolutionary ranks

In 1901, YangZheng school was changed into Hangzhou Fu middle school. He, Tang and Du will graduate the following summer vacation. The school has decided to send them to study in Japan after graduation. They also agreed to go to Japan to study the army so that they could do the revolution after they finished their studies. But just two months before graduation, there was a learning tide in the school, which involved him and Du Shizhen. Here's how it happened: there was a student in the school. He was not a big official, but his usual prestige was not small. One night, three classmates and Xue were eating at the same table. They didn't pay attention to Xuezheng. They ate and chatted with each other. Xuezheng glared at them, but they pretended not to see it and continued to talk and laugh. As a result, Xuezheng lost his temper: "if you don't speak when you eat, you don't speak when you sleep."

Chinese PinYin : Ma Xu Lun