Yan Yuan

Yan Yuan

Yan Yuan (1635-1704), a thinker and educator in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, was the founder of Yan Li school. The original word Yizhi, more word Hunran, No. Xizhai, Zhili Boye County Beiyang Village (now Baoding Boye county) people.

Yan Yuan inherited and carried forward Confucius's educational thoughts in his career of practicing medicine and teaching. He advocated attaching equal importance to "practice", "practice", "practice" and "application", that is, attaching equal importance to moral education, intellectual education and physical education. He advocated the cultivation of talents who are both civil and military, practical and practical. He strongly criticized the Neo Confucianists of song and Ming Dynasties for their ideas of "poor reason, reverence" and "meditation". His main works are Si Cun Bian and Xi Zhai Ji Yu.

Life of the characters

Family background

In 1635, Yan Yuan was born. Because he advocated the theory of practice since middle age, the library was called "Xizhai", and the world respected him as Mr. Xizhai. Yan Yuan's ancestral home is Beiyang village, Boye County, Zhili county. His father's name is Yan Chang. Because his family is poor, he adopted Zhu Jiuzuo's family in Liu village, Lixian County as his adopted son when he was young, and changed his surname to Zhu. Yan Yuan was born in Zhu's family and named Zhu Bangliang. At that time, I was digging woods in the garden and taking milk from the famous garden. Later, Yan Yuan returned to his family and took this pronunciation as his name. When Yan Chang was in Zhu's family, he was often discriminated against and abused. He was extremely resentful and depressed, and he had the idea of escaping from the family. In the winter of the 11th year of Chongzhen (1638), Huang Taiji led Qing soldiers into the pass and plundered the capital area. Yan Chang took the opportunity to flee to the outside of the pass with the army. Since then, the news has been cut off. This year, Yan Yuan was only four years old. Eight years later, his mother Wang remarried, leaving him alone in the Zhu family.

Yan Yuan's foster grandfather Zhu Jiuzuo, known as Shengxuan, served as a local military officer for many years. In 1639, Zhu Jiuzuo served as a military officer and moved to Li county with Yan Yuan. At that time, the affairs of the state were changing day by day. He once said: "today's soldiers are all skilful people, named after food.". When you go out, you plunder; when you fight, you flee. And I don't know who he is after escaping, so there's no one to fight in the warehouse. " He put forward a way to get tens of thousands of soldiers without paying for food. The method is: "the children of rich people in all States and counties who learn to bow and horse, ten families, a total of one soldier, to resume their chores, vest blade order to provide.". In regular training, each soldier has one auxiliary soldier, while the main soldier's injury is compensated by the auxiliary soldier. Soldiers can't escape. And a diligent king, ten pillow, which is willing to escape? The soldiers benefit from the grain, but they can't get enough. "

In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), when the Qing army entered the pass, Zhu Jiuzuo did not show any resistance. In the fourth year of Shunzhi (1647), Jiang Erxun, a student of Lixian County, called on "opposing the Qing Dynasty and restoring the Ming Dynasty", gathered people to kill the magistrate, which was called the first year of Zhongxing in the Ming Dynasty. However, Zhu Jiuzuo "led the people to guard the interior" to fight against Jiang Erxun's volunteers. After Jiang's defeat, Zhu Jiuzuo was granted the post of inspector by the Qing government. However, he sometimes shows a sense of justice. In the early years of Shunzhi, "Liu Li was encircled, and Han, a slave of the banner, was wantonly and wantonly. He was willing to plow the land, and the number of people who lost their production was increasing.". Jiuzuo "waited for the nest robbers, surrounded and captured them, singing in the county government". According to the law, Han should have been beheaded. Although he was pardoned, he did not dare to carry out any more rampage. "The poor people in Li Chuan were not humiliated by the Manchu people, so they had to rent their ancestral fields.". In the eighth or ninth year of Shunzhi, the place was rough and peaceful, and the Qing government decided to reform the South Road of the province. Zhu Jiuzuo then gave up his post. Before long, he was accused and fled for a time. Yan Yuan was also interrogated. The case is over and the property is at sunset. Because of the high cost of living in the city, they returned to live in their hometown. In his later years, he retired from grazing and did not enter the city. Teaching his son Huang and raising his grandson yuan Geng to read is not related to the world situation. ".

Early studies

At the age of eight, Yan Yuan received enlightenment education from Wu Dongyun. Mr. Dong Yun is good at riding and shooting, sword and halberd, and he also laments that the state affairs of Ming Dynasty are getting worse and worse. He once wrote a book about attacking, fighting and defending, and is also good at medical skills and skills. This made Yan Yuan receive a distinctive education from an early age. Unfortunately, when he was 12 years old, because of Wu's wife's anger, he could no longer travel from his husband.

When Yan Yuan was 14 or 5 years old, he saw Kouchi's Danfa and learned the art of luck. It was not near to get married, so he wanted to learn immortality. Later, he learned that immortality could not be learned. "It was the harmonizing of the Qin and the zither, so he stayed inside. He was also injured by bandits and used to be frivolous.". At the age of 19, he learned from Mr. Jia Duanhui. Duan huiban's apprentices formed a group to sing and have private intercourse with others. Yan Yuan followed his instruction and tried to change his former mistakes. In order to gain fame in the imperial examination, Yan Yuan began to learn eight part essays at the age of ten. Adoptive grandfather Zhu Jiuzuo once wanted to bribe a scholar title for him. Yan Yuan cried and said, "I'd rather be a real white man than a fake scholar!" As a result, when he was 19 years old, he was admitted as a scholar.

When Yan Yuan was 20 years old, he left his family after the lawsuit. When he returned to live in his hometown, he was responsible for the living expenses of the whole family. "Plough the fields and irrigate the gardens, and work hard. The first time you eat sweet potatoes and sorghum like thistle, the later is sweet, and the body is more abundant. You don't think you are poor. " To earn a living, he began to study medicine. At the same time, family schools were set up to educate children. When he was 21 years old, he read Zizhitongjian and forgot to eat and sleep. He took it as his duty to learn from the past and the present, and to learn to abolish evil and righteousness. He was determined to abandon his career. Later, although he joined the literary society and tried for the new year, he just wanted to please his old relatives, and he didn't want to miss his whole life. At the age of 23, when he saw seven military books, he learned the art of war, studied military defense, stayed up all night, and practiced martial arts frequently. During this period, Yan Yuan deeply liked the theories of Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming. He thought that the way of sages was right. He had personally extracted a volume of yaoyu and repeatedly tasted it.

Course of study

When Yan Yuan was 25 or 6 years old, his thoughts changed greatly. At this time, he had to read the complete book of Xing Li, which was a collection of the thoughts of Neo Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. He was deeply impressed by the theories of Zhou, Zhang, Cheng, Zhu and others. From then on, he stood upright and took responsibility for himself. "The farm garden will sit in silence five or six times a day when it is in trouble, and must read and speak books such as Jin Si Lu, Tai Chi Tu and Xi Ming." He sat quietly in the middle of the journey, aiming to be respectful and sincere, but he didn't mind that the people around him were "crazy with laughter, stupid with despicability, arrogant with rebuke, broad-minded with old-fashioned eyes, and heterodox with reference".

In the third year of Kangxi (1664), Yan Yuan heard that there was a king faqian in Beisi village, Lixian County, who was evil monk and Taoist, denounced Buddha and old man, burned Shi Wen, read the five classics, lived in his clothes, held his body with respect, and taught his family with courtesy. The villagers had eyes and were "Crazy". However, Yan Yuan was surprised and exclaimed: "scholars are so crazy, Confucianism and Taoism are lucky!" So he accepted diplomatic relations with him. Every ten days, every meeting, two people "rule each other and learn from each other. Their voice and color are just like children. He Jing is still the same. At the same time, they kept their own diaries, "the thoughts of the heart and the actions of the body are recorded day by day and hour by hour. The mind can't be relaxed for a while, and the body can't be idle for a while. When we meet each other, we can encourage each other and punish each other. Later, Yan Yuan and Wang faqian had different attitudes towards song Confucianism.

Although Yan Yuan suffered many misfortunes in his family, he always took it as his duty to help the world. He witnessed the deterioration of politics, the decline of customs, the weakness of soldiers and the corruption of scholars in the Ming Dynasty. According to Li Long's recollection, "my husband has been strong since he was a child. He was lonely and prepared to taste. He hardly lived alone. And painstaking efforts to screen camp, there is no moment without the flow of civilian goods. Every wine has its own lamp, which is in charge of the affairs of the world When Yan Yuan was twenty-four years old, he wrote on the way of kings, and later changed his name to Cunzhi, which expounded his political ideal. He believed that in order to have a peaceful world, the politics of the three dynasties of Tang and Yu must be restored. "If the minefields, feudalism and schools are all restored, there will be no people and things out of place, which is called kingcraft.".

Academic development

In 1668, his grandmother Liu was ill and died. Because of his grandmother's kindness, his father left again and couldn't return for burial. He was extremely sad. For three days, he did not eat. He sacrificed every day. He had nose blood and tears. After burial, he cried every day and got sick. Seeing this scene, an old man of Zhu family pitied him very much and said, "hee! The dead die, the dead die. Your grandmother has been infertile since she was a child? My father is a beggar of different surnames. " After hearing this, Yan Yuan was greatly surprised. He went to his remarried biological mother and asked about it. He got the truth, so he was saddened.

Yan YuanJu's grandmother died. He strictly abided by Zhu Zi's family etiquette and did not dare to violate his size. Even if he was sick and hungry, he almost died. Although I feel that there are many things against my temperament, I don't dare to be suspicious. Later, when he studied ancient rites, he found that Zhu's family rites were cut and deleted, and there were many improper places. "At the first funeral ceremony, the rice overflows in the morning and in the evening, and the food is not counted. Song Confucian ceremony deleted wusuan sentence, resulting in the day of mourning, and did not dare to eat. When it comes to grief day and night and you can't eat, you almost kill me. " "It's a pity that the former king made rites to the utmost of human nature. The people of Song Dynasty have no virtue and no position, so they can't do it. " From this point of view, he made a comprehensive introspection on the Confucianism of Song Dynasty, "because of the realization of the six virtues, six actions and six arts of Duke Zhou, the four teachings of Confucius, it is also true to learn.". Sitting in meditation and reading is the immersion of Cheng, Zhu, Lu and Wang in Zen and folklore, which is not a proper task. In the following year, he wrote two books, namely, cunxing and cunxue, which formed an academic system of their own. After the change of thought, he realized that "thinking is not as good as learning, learning must be based on learning", so he changed "thinking of ancient studio" to "learning studio". Since then, he has also taught his disciples Li, Yue, she, Yu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Bing, Nong, Qian, Gu, Shui, Huo, Gongyu and so on. He has also learned to shoot, ride, sing and dance, as well as boxing and martial arts. He has also tried to avoid sitting and empty talk.

Belong to the family

After Liu's death, Zhu Huang continued to instigate Zhu Weng to drive Yan Yuan away. He had to move to Suidong village to settle down. In 1673, when Zhu Weng died, Yan Yuan returned to Beiyang village, Boye county. He was 39 years old. After Yan Yuan returned, he was still engaged in farming. Once when a visitor came to see him making a show, he felt very strange. Yan Yuan said: "the gentleman's life is also, willing to hate clothing coarse food, willing to work hard, Si can not lose already!" At this time, Yan Yuan and his disciples rizhong and Li Long came to study in the 18th year of Kangxi. For the new followers, Yan Yuan must first declare his own dogma, the main points of which are: filial piety to his parents, respect for his elders, loyalty and faithfulness, application for other righteousness, prohibition of heresy, prudence, respect for poetry and calligraphy, respect for calligraphy, study of writing, study of six arts, preface and harmony

Chinese PinYin : Yan Yuan