Liu Yin

Liu Yin

Liu Yin (1249-1293), the word Mengji, No. Jingxiu, Xiong Zhou Rongcheng (now Rongcheng County, Hebei Province) people. Yuan Dynasty great Confucian, Neo Confucianism, poet.

Few ambitious, familiar with Confucian classics. He learned from the famous Confucianist inkstone Mi Jian in the north. He took Zhu Xi as his master and didn't strictly guard Zhu Xi's door. He advocates "to be dedicated to its quietness, not to connect with things, and to forget things.". In the 19th year of the Zhiyuan Dynasty (1282), he was recruited by Prince Zhenjin and became an official of the imperial court. Because of his mother's illness, he resigned and returned home.

In the thirtieth year of Zhiyuan (1293), he died. He was given the title of Wenjing, the posthumous title of Wenjing.

(overview of the source of Liu Yinxiang < / I > < I >) < / I >

Life of the characters

Family background

Liu Yin was born on February 9, 1249, the 15th year after Mongolia destroyed Jin Dynasty. Rongcheng, Liu Yin's hometown, is located in the hinterland of the central Hebei plain. Liu Yin's ancestors have lived here for generations. For a long time, they were subjects of the Jin Dynasty. Gao's grandfather, great grandfather and uncle Zeng III served in Jin Dynasty. His father Liu Shu personally experienced the war in the last years of the Jin Dynasty, and then worked as an official in the Yuan Dynasty for a short time, but he mainly lived in seclusion. The vicissitudes of the times, the ups and downs of his family, and the experiences of his grandparents all imprinted a deep imprint on his mind, which greatly influenced his thoughts and character. When Liu Yin was born in his hometown, he was already in the early years of yuan and Mongolia in the early years of war. When Liu Yin was a child, the whole country said that although there were wars, the Hebei area where Liu Yin lived today was a peaceful one. During this period, there was a long period of chaos in the history of China. In the early years of the Yuan Dynasty, due to social stability and appropriate policies, agricultural production in the North was further restored and developed, and "folk cultivation of seed arts increased several times.". The unification of the whole country and the smooth traffic also promoted the prosperity of Commerce and handicraft industry. Urban trade, rural fairs and foreign trade all developed greatly. Liu Yin's youth coincided with such a rare peaceful period, which had a great influence on the formation of Liu Yin's thought.

Little ambition

Liu Shu was influenced by Confucianism since he was a child. His father Liu Shu had a wide range of interests in astronomy, calendar, yin and Yang, medicine, sexology, history and so on. After Liu Yin was born, his father cherished him for ten minutes, stopped making friends, and devoted himself to teaching him how to read and read. Liu was gifted and brilliant. Under his father's enlightenment education, he read and read a thousand words every day at the age of three. At the age of six, he began to learn to compose poems. At the age of seven, he was able to write articles with excellent writing style. Liu had little ambition, so when he was 15 years old, he wrote a poem to express his ambition: "Hongge Lingyun Zhi, yanque an Neng Zhi." In his youth, Liu Yin, with a positive attitude towards joining the WTO, often frankly expressed his ambition and ambition in his poems. When he was 20 years old, he wrote "Xi Sheng Jie", which takes "Xi Xian, Xi Sheng, Xi Tian" as the theme, and claims that "there is a clear talent between heaven and earth". In 1260, Liu moved with his father to Zhending, where he studied under the famous northern Confucian inkstone Mi Jian, and made great progress in his studies. Yan Mi Jian not only has outstanding talent, but also has a good understanding of talents. Among the students he teaches, he pushes Liu Yin and predicts that Liu Yin will become a famous Confucian. Liu studied Confucian classics from Yan Mi Jian and studied exegesis, but he was soon dissatisfied. In the song and Jin Dynasties, the literary circles paid attention to the verses of "to distinguish between the rich and the strong" and the classics meaning of "to be born and to be mixed". There was little difference between the north and the south. Around the period of Zhongtong, advocated by Xu Heng, dou Mo, Yao Shu and others, Cheng Zhu Neo Confucianism, which was recognized as "orthodox" in the south, spread to the north on a large scale. Liu was puzzled about the theory of exegesis in his early years, and came into contact with the works of Neo Confucianism. Great changes took place in the study direction and ideological outlook, and he began to concentrate on reading the books of Cheng and Zhu.

Teach and teach

Liu's family is poor, so he often has no spare food and money. Although he is well-known, he is still able to live in poverty and enjoy life. He doesn't make friends with others, and he doesn't take any money from his ill gotten gains. In 1267, Liu Shu, his father, died of illness and was unable to be buried because of financial difficulties. Liu wrote to his father's good friend Yang Shu and was able to complete the funeral with his financial support. In 1274, the Yuan Dynasty issued an imperial edict to attack the Song Dynasty, and the army of the floating men entered the river and went down the river. In less than two years, Song Dynasty died. Liu, who had hurt the Song Dynasty for being wronged by treacherous officials, detained the envoys of the Yuan Dynasty for provocation, which eventually led to the country's death, so he wrote a Ode to crossing the river to mourn for it. He once wanted to travel south to see the famous works of scholars in the Southern Song Dynasty, but he failed. Instead, he went north to Yizhou (now Yixian County, Hebei Province) and taught in He Wei's family hall, where he resigned at that time. He Wei once took part in the battle of the Song Dynasty. Many of his books were brought back from the old territory of the Southern Song Dynasty. These books were not easy to search in the north. Liu was able to realize his long cherished wish of "Library in the collection house and review them freely" because he taught for three years. In 1279, Liu Yin was 30 years old. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, there was no imperial examination, so there was no way for intellectuals to enter the official career. As a cloth garment, Liu has great ambition, but it is difficult for him to make achievements. In order to make a living, Liu Yin had to open a school at home to teach students. He compiled his own teaching materials and had unique views. He put Neo Confucianism into teaching and stressed the dignity of teachers. According to the characteristics of students, he teaches students in accordance with their aptitude and makes everyone achieve something, so his reputation is growing day by day. Many Gongqing officials of the central government have been to Baoding. When they heard about Liu Yin's reputation, they often visited him. Liu was modest and prudent, and he lived in a simple place. Most of the officials he visited were modest and did not meet with each other, so he had a lot of personality and integrity. In the middle of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan relied on ahema, a Hui minister who had long been favored by "financial management" for a long time, and gradually alienated the Confucian officials who "kept a secret about money and profits". Liu yinsui took a detached attitude from politics. Liu appreciated Zhuge Liang's words of "tranquility for self-cultivation", so he named his residence "tranquility" to express his mind.

Coaching in Tokyo

In the 19th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1282), ahema, who was in power for a while, was killed, and the situation of political struggle in the Yuan Dynasty changed. The new political leader, Prince Zhenjin, who was unanimously supported by the Hanfa faction of Mongolian, Semu and Han senior bureaucrats, participated in various related political activities more actively and directly, which aroused strong optimism for "the renewal of the government" among the Han scholars. Because the scholar officials praised Liu Yinduo more and more, his reputation became more and more famous. The prime minister Wenzhen Wang buhumu especially strongly recommended him. The prince Zhenjin issued an imperial edict to enlist Liu Yinduo into the court, and granted him the official posts of Chengde Lang and youzanshan (five grades). At that time, the excessive hope of the government and the opposition for the reform of the imperial government of Zhenjin was undoubtedly infected by Liu Yin, and Zhenjin attached great importance to Confucian officials and took good care of them. After Liu Yin was taught, he passed with the emissary. At that time, Zhenjin established a university in the palace, which was originally taught by zanshan Wang Xun. When Liu Yin entered the court, Wang Xun had just passed away, so he took over his post as a professor of imperial education. Liu Yin, a scholar and professor in his hometown, was recruited by the imperial court and became an official of the imperial court. He became a professor in a university. This shows that Liu Yin was mature in learning and made great achievements at that time, which made him famous. Liu had not been in court for a long time, and his stepmother was seriously ill, so he resigned and returned home. The following year, his stepmother died. According to the custom at that time, Liu's official career was shelved because he wanted to live in mourning.

Return to seclusion

Before he could wait for Liu's mother's funeral clothes to be removed, the reform initiated by Zhenjin failed because of his disagreement with Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. Liu Yin was deeply stimulated by this incident, which made him no longer hold any hope for the politics of the Yuan Dynasty. On the contrary, he regretted that he had easily accepted the imperial edict and was hired, so he lived in seclusion and made a living by teaching. in the following years, because of famine and rising food prices, he had to make a living by replacing food. This kind of poor life is reflected in the poems of this period, and shows a strong seclusion mood. Liu Yin's life is not only poor, but also lonely; misfortunes come one after another: he lost his parents early, not to mention, his two elder sisters died one after another; he likes to have a son after forty, but unfortunately he died early. Liu's health was weak, and the sadness of his son's death hit him hard. As a result, he suffered from all kinds of diseases, and his body was exhausted and his hair was white.

Second enlistment

In 1291, Liu Yin was 43 years old. Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, killed Sangge, the Prime Minister of power, "and the government was renewed again.". Another courtier recommended Liu Yin, and Kublai Khan issued an imperial edict to recruit Liu Yin with a master of Jixian and a doctor of Jiayi. This position belonged to the "position of three grades" and was granted to a civilian. At that time, it was regarded as the "no second favorite". But at this time, Liu's health had deteriorated to the point that he was "unable to support his illness" and was unwilling to be an official again, so he wrote a letter to "consolidate his words with illness" and wrote the famous book of the Shang government (a Book of the Shang Prime Minister) < / I > to show his mind. Kublai Khan was very sorry when he was presented to the imperial court. He said with regret: "in ancient times, there were officials who refused to be called. That's the kind of people."

He died of illness

In the thirtieth year of Zhiyuan (1293), Wu Ming, the assistant professor of Guozi, wrote to the imperial court and recommended Liu to offer wine to Guozi. But on April 16 in the summer of that year, Liu died of illness and died at the age of 45. During the Yanyou reign of emperor Renzong of Yuan Dynasty, he was granted the title of Rongcheng Duke, posthumous title of Wenjing.

Neo Confucianism

Thinking about the way of heaven

Cheng Zhu's Neo Confucianism takes reason as the highest category. It is the origin of all things in the world. Liu Yin inherits Cheng Zhu's theory of reason and forms his view of the way of heaven on this basis.
Liu Yin

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