Liu Xiang
Liu Xiang
Liu Xiang (77-6 BC), formerly known as Liu Su, was born in Fengyi, Peijun county (now Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province). He is the imperial minister and writer of the Han Dynasty, the son of Liu Jiao xuansun, king of the Yuan Dynasty of Chu, the son of Liu De, Marquis of Yangcheng, the father of the Confucian scholar Liu Xin, and the originator of Chinese bibliography.
He became an official in the shadow of the gate and set up a chariot. When Emperor Xuan of Han Dynasty was in power, he gave advice to the officials. Emperor yuan of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne and granted Zong Zhengqing the title. He opposed the eunuch Honggong and Shi Xian, and was sentenced to prison without being a common man. After emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, he was appointed as a senior official of Guanglu, and his name was changed to "Xiang". He went to Zhonglei as an official and was called Liu Zhonglei in the world. In the first year of Jianping, he died at the age of 72.
It is the earliest public catalogue of books in China. Now there are Xinxu, Shuoyuan, lienvzhuan, ZhanGuoCe and wujingtongyi. The book of songs of Chu was compiled, and the book of mountains and seas was compiled jointly with his son Liu Xin. Prose is mainly the "Narration" of memorials and collation of ancient books. The more famous ones are "Jianying Changling Shu" and "Zhanguo Ce · narration". The main features of prose are simple narration, smooth theory, and ease. The works are included in the collection of Liu Zizheng.
Life of the characters
In the fourth year of Dijie (66 BC), he was appointed nianlang;
In the second year of shenjue (60 years ago), he was crowned with the title of "Xing Xiu Zhi".
In the fourth year of Jianping (58bc), he served as a doctor of remonstrance.
Ganlu three years (51 years ago), as a doctor, to the matter of Huangmen Lang.
In the third year of Ganlu (51 BC), he was appointed as Sanqi, Jianfu and geishizhong.
In the first year of the early Yuan Dynasty (48bc), emperor yuan ascended the throne at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty. He was loyal to his family and had a good command of the Ming scriptures. He was promoted to Sanqi, Zhongshi and dazhangzheng. Later, he was sent to prison for opposing eunuch Honggong and Shi Xian, and was exempted from being a common man.
In the first year of the founding of the people's Republic of China (32 BC), Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, so Jiuqing called him as Zhonglang, and led and protected the three auxiliary capitals. The number plays the seal matter, moves the Guanglu doctor. He is the Secretary of the five classics.
In the second year of Yangshuo (the 23rd year before), he served as the captain of Zhonglei school. At the end of his career, the work of dianxiao was continued by his son Liu Xin.
Liu Xiang was ordered to lead the Secretary of the school, and his book BIE Lu was the earliest public catalogue of books in China. In the spring and Autumn period, he wrote the biography of grain and Liang. Most of the 33 fu works, such as JiuTan, are lost. There are many books such as Xinxu, Shuoyuan, lienvzhuan, ZhanGuoCe, etc. his works Tongyi of Wujing is compiled by Ma guohan of Qing Dynasty, and Shanhaijing is edited by him and his son Liu Xin. The original anthology has been lost, and it was compiled as Liu Zhonglei anthology by Ming people.
Main achievements
Collating books and preserving classics
From the preface of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, we can see that the fate of all kinds of books is very complicated
The spring and Autumn Annals is divided into five parts, the poetry into four parts, and the book of changes has several biographies. During the Warring States period, there were disputes between the true and the false. In the Qin Dynasty, it was the vassal who destroyed the article and made the first fool of Guizhou. The rise of Han Dynasty changed the defeat of Qin Dynasty, collected a large number of books and books, and opened up the road of offering books. Up to the time of filial piety and martial arts, the books were short and simple, and the rites were bad and the music was broken. The emperor sighed with a sigh: "I'm very compassionate!" so he set up the strategy of collecting books, set up the official of writing books, and filled the secret mansion with the legends of various scholars. By the time of emperor Cheng, the book had been scattered, and Chen Nong, a visitor, had asked for a letter to be left in the world.
Under the background of "dispute between the true and the false", "fan Mie article", "collecting a large number of books, opening up the road of offering books", "Xia and the legends of various scholars are all secret places" and "seeking to leave books in the world", the circulation, creation and arrangement of books will be affected, and some abnormal phenomena will be produced, which need to be carefully identified. Mr. Wang Baoxian pointed out that when the Han Dynasty became emperor, the number of books increased greatly, and there were many collections of various books.
Liu Xiang believed that he was a famous scholar of Gu Liang Zhuan and a well-known scholar of suxue. He also belonged to Liu's clan. Taking advantage of the opportunity of sorting out the royal collection of books and the convenience of being close to the two emperors of Yuan Dynasty, he naturally had to form his own system in sorting out the important classics and compete with other schools of Confucian classics. The number and number of chapters he has worked out are different from the old one. Even the title of the book should be redrafted.
Xiong Tieji said in the detailed analysis of Liu Xiang's collation of books: the chapters, characters and even some titles of the ancient books of the Western Han Dynasty and before that were handed down by later generations and even seen by us were calibrated by Liu Xiang. At that time, almost all the books had been understood, identified and even transformed by them. Of course, they were inevitably marked with the brand of the times. However, for a long time, this point has not been fully understood, thinking that the ancient books read in the pre Qin period are the same as they were, which inevitably leads to such misunderstandings and leads to the conclusion that they are inconsistent with the historical reality.
Many scholars in past dynasties have found some problems, so they have doubts, so there are some works of pointing to falsehood. Judging from the existing Shulu and related records, some books are completely new. Such as Liezi Shulu It can be seen that Liu Xiang completely compiled a new book Liezi. At that time, Liu Xiang sorted out the scattered and scattered pieces of Zhuzi, which were on the verge of being lost. Although none of these ancient books existed, Liu Xiang made great contribution to sorting out the ancient books of pre Qin Zhuzi.
Advocating the study of Confucian classics
Liu Xiang and Liu Xin are important figures who re studied and reorganized the works and theories of various schools of thought after Confucianism dominated the world as Confucian classics, and emphasized to absorb ideological nutrition from them in order to improve Confucianism.
Based on the systematic collation of Guanzi, Yanzi, Hanfeizi, Liezi, Dengjie, guanyinzi, zihuazi and ZhanGuoCe, this paper holds that they all conform to the Confucian classics. For example, Liu Xiang said: "Guanzi" book, to enrich the country and the people, road covenant to, you can know the meaning of the book. ① Xunqing's book is very easy to be written by Chen Wangdao. Compared with biography, Xunqing's book can be regarded as FA (2). As for Taoism, Liu Xiang believes that it is in line with the Six Classics (3). In addition, in Shuoyuan and Xinxu, he directly used and borrowed the words of Zhuzi to express his political and academic opinions. In fact, this is also a kind of affirmation of Zhuzi's studies.
Liu Xiang, Liu Xin and his son advocated the study of Confucian classics under the condition of the sole respect of Confucian classics at that time, which is of positive significance to weaken the rule of official academic thought and emancipate the mind.
In his early years, Secretary of hongbaoyuan in Zhenzhong, the book said that immortals made ghosts into gold and Zou Yan's way of prolonging life was deeply influenced by mysterious ideas. After that, he took part in Shiquge's lectures on the five classics and was influenced by the activities of jinwenjingxue. Later, when he talked about the rise and revolution of the past dynasties and the gains and losses of the State Administration, he took the style of a modern scholar and took the Yin Yang and five elements and the induction of heaven and man as the basis of argument.
During the reign of emperor yuan, he made an official appointment to discuss the auspicious omens and disasters in the spring and Autumn period after the reign of Shun and the reign of Zhou Gongshi. According to the difference of "the tomb of Wang's forefather is in Jinan, the Zi column grows branches and leaves, and the Fu Shu goes up and out of the house", it is said that "the situation is not two big, Wang's and Liu's do not stand side by side.". This shows that Liu Xiang's view of history is theological. His thought reflected the pessimistic mood of the late Western Han Dynasty when the power was lost and the royal family lost power.
Theological point of view
About 152 articles in Hongfan biography of five elements by Liu Xiang are preserved in Hanshu Wuxing Zhi. Among them, there are about 31 articles on the relationship between disasters and empresses, concubines, ladies and relatives, and about 39 articles on the relationship between disasters and the loss of power of the monarch and the fall of the country. This is not only a reflection of his political position in the academic field, but also a tool for intentionally making use of the theory of Yin Yang and five elements for political struggle.
There are about 73 materials about Hongfan's biography of five elements in Hanshu. Although the objects of discussion are basically within the scope of Liu Xiang's former discussion, none of them is the same as Liu Xiang's.
Although we believe that "Bo is not the only Surname Given by heaven" and "there has never been an immortal country since ancient times", we still believe that "the fortune of the wise is invisible, and the trouble is in the early days", so that "Liu's Chang'an will not lose the country". This means that destiny can be transferred by human force, or at least extended for a longer period of time.
However, in Liu Xin's posthumous writings, there is no such view. According to the materials of Santong Libu preserved in the history of Han Dynasty, the rise and fall of the past dynasties were in the order of five elements. According to this order, it should be natural that Wang Mang succeeded Han Dynasty's Huo de with Tu De. When Wang Mang was dying, he said, "born with virtue, Han soldiers are like giving." When the royal collection was revised, this theological view of history was seldom used, and to a large extent, it showed a humanistic attitude.
Relative members
Emperor Gaozu: Liu Jiao, king of the Yuan Dynasty of Chu, and Liu Bang, Emperor Gaodi of Han Dynasty;
Great ancestor: Liu Fu, marquis Hongyi;
Grandfather: Liu Bijiang, Guanglu doctor, Changle Wei Wei;
Father: Liu De, dazongzheng, Marquis of Yangcheng;
Son: Liu Xin, Confucian classics scholar.
personal works
New preface
Xinxu is a Book of historical stories compiled for the political purpose of satirizing and remonstrating. It collects the historical facts of Shun, Yu and even Han Dynasty, and compiles them by classification. The original book has 30 volumes, and now there are 10 volumes. It was revised by Zeng Gong of the Northern Song Dynasty. It records the words Song Yu asked the king of Chu, and lists the popular songs of Chu state, such as xialiba people, Yang'a, Xielu, etc A thousand people.
Shuo yuan
Shuoyuan, also known as Xinyuan, consists of 20 volumes. It records anecdotes from the spring and Autumn period to the Han Dynasty according to various types. The front of each type always says: add notes after the event. Among them, it mainly describes the words and deeds of the scholars, and there are many philosophical maxims about the rule of the country and the people, the rise and fall of the family and country in many chapters. It mainly embodies the Confucian philosophy, political ideal and ethics. This paper classifies some historical stories and legends from the pre Qin period to the Western Han Dynasty, and contains the author's comments. It makes full use of the Confucian political thought and moral concept with certain philosophical nature.
Biography of Lienv
Biography of Lienv is an introduction
Chinese PinYin : Liu Xiang
Liu Xiang
